Wallace Smith Broecker

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Wallace Smith Broecker
Wallace Smith Broecker.jpg
Born (1931-11-29) November 29, 1931 (age 87)
Chicago, Illinois
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materWheaton College, Illinois
Spouse(s)Grace Carder
Elizabeth Clark
AwardsMaurice Ewing Medal (1979)
Vetlesen Prize (1987)
Alexander Agassiz Medal (1986)
Urey Medal (1990)
Wollaston Medal (1990)
National Medal of Science (1996)
Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (2002)
Crafoord Prize (2006)
BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2008)
Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science (2012)
Scientific career
FieldsGeochronology, chemical oceanography, climate
InstitutionsColumbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

Wallace Smith Broecker (born November 29, 1931 in Chicago[1]) is the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.[2] He developed the idea of a global "conveyor belt" linking the circulation of the global ocean and made major contributions to the science of the carbon cycle and the use of chemical tracers and isotope dating in oceanography. Broecker has received the Crafoord Prize and the Vetlesen Prize.

Areas of research[edit]

Broecker's areas of research include Pleistocene geochronology, radiocarbon dating and chemical oceanography, including oceanic mixing based on stable and radioisotope distribution. This includes research on the biogeochemical cycles of the element carbon and on the record of climate change contained in polar ice and ocean sediments.

Broecker has authored over 450 journal articles and 10 books. He is perhaps best known for his discovery of the role played by the ocean in triggering the abrupt climate changes which punctuated glacial time, in particular the development and popularization of the idea of a global "conveyor belt" linking the circulation of the global ocean.[3] However, his contributions stretch far beyond the "conveyor"; his work is the foundation of carbon cycle science, and his applications of radiocarbon to paleoceanography are landmarks in the field. His work with chemical tracers in the ocean is integral to modern chemical oceanography; indeed, his textbook "Tracers in the Sea", authored with Tsung-Hung Peng, is still cited in the contemporary literature 25 years after its publication.

Broecker writes about his research, on mode changes in the thermohaline circulation: "We have clear evidence that different parts of the earth's climate system are linked in very subtle yet dramatic ways. The climate system has jumped from one mode of operation to another in the past. We are trying to understand how the earth's climate system is engineered, so we can understand what it takes to trigger mode switches. Until we do, we cannot make good predictions about future climate change."[4]

Biography[edit]

He attended Wheaton College and interacted with J. Laurence Kulp, Paul Gast and Karl Turekian. At Wheaton, he met his wife Grace Carder. Broecker then transferred to Columbia University. At Columbia, he worked at the Lamont Geological Observatory with W. Maurice Ewing and Walter Bucher.

In 1975, Broecker coined the phrase global warming when he published a paper entitled: “Climate Change: Are we on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?”[5] He has recently co-written an account of climate science with the science journalist, Robert Kunzig. This includes a discussion of the work of Broecker's Columbia colleague Klaus Lackner in capturing CO2 from the atmosphere—which Broecker believes must play a vital role in reducing emissions and countering global warming. Broecker has been described in the New York Times as a geoengineering pioneer.[6]

Broecker has 6 children, 7 grandchildren, and 7 great-grandchildren. His wife Grace died in 2007.[7] They were together for 53 years. Broecker married Elizabeth Clark in 2009.[8]

Fellowships and awards[edit]

Broecker is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences, Foreign Member of the Royal Society, and a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and European Geophysical Union. He has received the Crafoord Prize in Geoscience,[9] the National Medal of Science in 1996,[10] Maurice W. Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union, the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the National Academy of Sciences, the Urey Medal of the European Association of Geochemistry,[11] the V. M. Goldschmidt Award from the Geochemical Society,[12] the Vetlesen Prize from the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation, the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London,[13] the Roger Revelle Medal of the American Geophysical Union, the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement from the University of Southern California, the Blue Planet Prize from The Asahi Glass Foundation, the 2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth and Environmental Science [14] from The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the 2008 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Climate Change.

Broeker (right) with the other 2008 Balzan Prize winners and Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy

In September 2008 Broecker was the recipient of the Balzan Prize for outstanding achievement in science. His citation was made by Enric Banda (Research Professor of Geophysics at the Institute of Earth Sciences in Barcelona): “For his extraordinary contributions to the understanding of climate change through his discoveries concerning the role of the oceans and their interactions with the atmosphere, as well as the role of glacial changes and the records contained in ice cores and ocean sediments. His contributions have been significant in understanding both gradual and abrupt climate change”.

In January 2009, Broecker was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Climate Change category for his seminal research into the oceans’ biological and chemical processes that pioneered the development of Earth System Science as the basis for understanding global climate change, both past and present. The award certificate also highlights “his holistic approach”, which has led him to identify “the mechanisms of abrupt climate change”.

Broecker has received honorary doctorates from Cambridge University, Oxford University, Pennsylvania State University, Harvard University, and Southern Methodist University, among others. On May 28, 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Harvard University.

Selected books[edit]

  • Broecker, Wallace S.; Oversby, Virginia M. (1971), Chemical Equilibria in the Earth (PDF), McGraw-Hill Education, p. 304, ISBN 0-07-007997-8
  • — (1974), Chemical oceanography (PDF), Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 214, ISBN 0-15-506437-1
  • —; Peng, Tsung-Hung (1982), Tracers in the Sea (PDF), Eldigio Press, ISBN 0-9617511-0-X
  • — (1988), How to Build a Habitable Planet (PDF), Eldigio Press, ISBN 0-9617511-2-6
  • —; Peng, Tsung-Hung (1993), Greenhouse puzzles (PDF), Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University
  • — (1995), The glacial world according to Wally (PDF), Eldigio Press
  • — (1998), Greenhouse puzzles: Keeling's world, Martin's world, Walker's world, Eldigio Press
  • —; Kunzig, Robert (2008), Fixing Climate: What Past Climate Changes Reveal About the Current Threat--and How to Counter It, Hill and Wang, US/Profile Books, UK, ISBN 978-0-8090-4501-3
  • — (2010), The Great Ocean Conveyor, Discovering the Trigger for Abrupt Climate Change, Princeton University Press
  • — (2016), A Geochemist in his Garden of Eden (PDF), Eldigio Press

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory - The Earth Institute - Columbia University Archived 2013-08-03 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability - Arizona State University
  3. ^ Broecker, Wallace S. (2000). "Was a change in thermohaline circulation responsible for the Little Ice Age?". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97 (4): 1339–1342. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1339B. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1339. PMC 34299. PMID 10677462.
  4. ^ https://webcenter.ldeo.columbia.edu/people.nsf/571fc08d39383f1185256efc004fcb7e/85190ba5e1cfe7c685256ef300647df4?OpenDocument
  5. ^ Broecker, W. S. (1975). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?" (PDF). Science. 189 (4201): 460–463. Bibcode:1975Sci...189..460B. doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.460.
  6. ^ Broad, William J. (2006-06-27). "How to Cool a Planet (Maybe)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  7. ^ "Grace E. (Carder) Broecker". Legacy.com. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  8. ^ Gruen, Abby (8 August 2010). "N.J. scientist who coined 'global warming' term tries to avoid the limelight 35 years later". NJ.com. Retrieved 30 May 2018. Most mornings, before settling down to work, Broecker takes a walk with his wife, Elizabeth Clark, a technician at Lamont whom he married last October.
  9. ^ Crafoord prize in geoscience 2006
  10. ^ National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science
  11. ^ European Association of Geochemistry (EAG)
  12. ^ Victor Moritz Goldschmidt Award
  13. ^ "Wollaston Medal". Award Winners since 1831. Geological Society of London. Archived from the original on 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
  14. ^ Franklin Institute Laureate Award Page Archived 2012-07-30[Timestamp length] at Archive.today

External links[edit]

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