Gallup (company)

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Not to be confused with Gallup International Association.
This article is about the management consulting and polling organization. For other uses, see Gallup.
Gallup
Formerly
  • American Institute of Public Opinion[1][2]
  • Gallup Organization[1][2]
Private[3]
IndustryManagement consulting
Founded1935; 84 years ago (1935) in Princeton, New Jersey, United States[1][2]
FounderGeorge Gallup[1][2]
HeadquartersThe Gallup Building, 901 F Street, NW,
Washington, D.C.
,
United States[4]
Number of locations
30–40 offices globally[5][6] (2017)
Key people
Jim Clifton (Chairman and CEO)[3]
Services
OwnerEmployee-owned[3]
Websitegallup.com

Gallup, Inc., is an American management consulting company. Founded by George Gallup in 1935, the company became known for its public opinion polls. It provides research, analytics, and strategic consulting to large organizations in many countries.[10][11]

Gallup has 30 offices in more than 20 countries, employing about 2,000 people in four divisions: Gallup Poll, Gallup Consulting, Gallup University, and Gallup Press.[10]

Organization[edit]

Gallup is a private, employee-owned company based in Washington, D.C.[3][12] Its headquarters is located at The Gallup Building.[4] It maintains between 30 and 40 offices globally, including offices at the Gallup Riverfront Campus in Omaha, Nebraska, and has about 2,000 employees.[13][6][14] Jim Clifton is Gallup's chairman and CEO.[3]

Gallup, Inc. has no affiliation with Gallup International, sometimes referred to as Gallup International Association or GIA.[15][16] Gallup has sued Gallup International and other organizations for the unauthorized use of the Gallup name.[16][17][18]

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

George Gallup (1901-1984), founder of the company in 1935

George Gallup (1901–1984) founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of the Gallup Organization, in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1935.[19][20] Gallup attempted to make his company's polls fair by sampling demographics representative of each state's voters.[21] Gallup also refused to conduct surveys commissioned by organizations such as the Republican and Democratic parties, a position the company has continued to hold.[19][22]

In 1936, Gallup successfully predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alfred Landon for the U.S. presidency in direct contradiction to the popular The Literary Digest; this event popularized the company and made it a leader in American polling.[22][23] In 1938, Gallup began conducting market research for advertising companies and the film industry.[24]

By 1948, Gallup's company established polling organizations in a dozen other countries[25] and Gallup's polls were syndicated in newspapers in the U.S. and abroad.[26] The modern Gallup Organization formed in 1958, when George Gallup grouped all of his polling operations into one organization.[27]

Since George Gallup's death[edit]

George Gallup died in 1984. Four years later, his family sold the firm for an undisclosed price to Selection Research, Incorporated (SRI), a research firm in Omaha, Nebraska.[28][29] The family's involvement with the business continued; sons George Gallup, Jr. and Alec Gallup kept their positions as co-chairmen and directors.[12] George Gallup, Jr. (1930–2011) established the nonprofit George H. Gallup Foundation as part of the acquisition agreement.[28] SRI, founded in 1969 by the psychologist Don Clifton, focused on market research and personnel selection; it pioneered the use of talent-based structured psychological interviews.[30] Acquiring the Gallup name gave SRI more credibility and higher response rates.[12]

Following its sale to SRI, Gallup repositioned itself as a research and management consulting company that works with businesses to identify and address issues with employees and their customers.[3] Gallup continues to conduct and report on public polls.[8][7] While the Gallup Poll generates relatively smaller portion of revenue for the company, it helps the company maintain visibility.[19][29]

In the 1990s, Gallup developed a set of 12 questions it called Q12 to help businesses gauge employee engagement,[31] it entered partnerships to conduct polls for USA Today and CNN,[32] and launched its Clifton StrengthsFinder online assessment tool.[7] In 1999, Gallup analysts wrote First, Break All the Rules, a bestselling book on management.[33] Fortune Small Business wrote that the success of the book bolstered Gallup's consulting business.[34]

In 2012, Gallup incorrectly predicted that Mitt Romney would win the 2012 U.S. presidential election.[35] Following the results of the election, Gallup spent six months reviewing its methodology.[35] The company concluded that its methodology was flawed as it made too few phone calls in Eastern and Pacific time zones, overestimated the white vote, and relied on listed landline phones that skewed the sample to an older demographic.[35]

In July 2013, the United States Department of Justice and Gallup reached a $10.5 million settlement based upon allegations that the company violated the False Claims Act and the Procurement Integrity Act.[36][37][38] The complaint alleged that Gallup overstated its labor hours in proposals to the U.S. Mint and State Department for contracts and task orders to be awarded without competition.[36][37] The Department of Justice alleged that the agencies awarded contracts and task orders at falsely inflated prices.[36] The settlement also resolved allegations that Gallup engaged in improper employment negotiations with a then-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) official, Timothy Cannon, for work and funding.[37][38] Michael Lindley, a former Gallup employee, originally made the allegations against Gallup under the False Claims Act.[38] Lindley received nearly $2 million of the settlement.[38] Under the settlement, there was no prosecution and no determination of liability.[36]

Gallup decided not to conduct horse-race polling of the 2016 U.S. presidential election to help Gallup focus on its consulting business.[39][40] Gallup officials said polling could still be accurate during the election, but the company decided to reallocate resources.[41] Gallup Editor-in-Chief Frank Newport told The Washington Post said Gallup felt polling the public on issues was a better use of resources.[42]

Gallup Poll[edit]

Polling in the United States[edit]

The Gallup Poll is the division of Gallup that regularly conducts public opinion polls. Gallup Poll results, analysis, and videos are published daily in the form of data-driven news. Conducting polls brings the company financial losses of about $10 million a year, but gives Gallup company the visibility of a well-known brand, which helps promote its corporate research.[10]

Historically, the Gallup Poll has measured and tracked the public's attitudes concerning political, social, and economic issues, including sensitive or controversial subjects.

Gallup Daily Tracking Methodology[edit]

Gallup Daily tracking is made up of two surveys: the Gallup U.S. Daily political and economic survey and the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index. For both surveys, Gallup conducts 500 interviews across the U.S. per day, 350 days out of the year, with 70% on cellphones and 30% on landlines.[43][44][45] Gallup Daily tracking methodology relies on live interviewers, dual-frame random-digit-dial sampling (which includes landline as well as cellular telephone phone sampling to reach those in cell phone-only households), and uses a multi-call design to reach respondents not contacted on the initial attempt.

The population of the U.S. that relied only on cell phones was 34% in 2012.[46]

The findings from Gallup's U.S. surveys are based on the organization's standard national telephone samples, consisting of list-assisted random-digit-dial (RDD) telephone samples using a proportionate, stratified sampling design. A computer randomly generates the phone numbers Gallup calls from all working phone exchanges (the first three numbers of your local phone number) and not-listed phone numbers; thus, Gallup is as likely to call unlisted phone numbers as well as listed phone numbers.

Within each contacted household reached via landline, an interview is sought with an adult 18 years of age or older living in the household who will have the next birthday. Gallup does not use the same respondent selection procedure when making calls to cell phones because they are typically associated with one individual rather than shared among several members of a household. Gallup Daily tracking includes Spanish-language interviews for Spanish-speaking respondents and interviews in Alaska and Hawaii.

When respondents to be interviewed are selected at random, every adult has an equal probability of falling into the sample. The typical sample size for a Gallup poll, either a traditional stand-alone poll or one night's interviewing from Gallup's Daily tracking, is 1,000 national adults with a margin of error of ±4 percentage points. Gallup's Daily tracking process now allows Gallup analysts to aggregate larger groups of interviews for more detailed subgroup analysis. But the accuracy of the estimates derived only marginally improves with larger sample sizes.

After Gallup collects and processes survey data, each respondent is assigned a weight so that the demographic characteristics of the total weighted sample of respondents match the latest estimates of the demographic characteristics of the adult population available from the U.S. Census Bureau. Gallup weights data to census estimates for gender, race, age, educational attainment, and region.[47]

The data are weighted daily by number of adults in the household and the respondents' reliance on cell phones, to adjust for any disproportion in selection probabilities. The data are then weighted to compensate for nonrandom nonresponse, using targets from the U.S. Census Bureau for age, region, gender, education, Hispanic ethnicity, and race. The resulting sample represents an estimated 95% of all U.S. households.[48][49]

Accuracy[edit]

From 1936 to 2008, Gallup Polls correctly predicted the winner of the presidential election with the notable exceptions of the 1948 Thomas Dewey-Harry S. Truman election, where nearly all pollsters predicted a Dewey victory (which also led to the infamous Dewey Defeats Truman headline), and 1976, when they inaccurately projected a slim victory by Gerald Ford over Jimmy Carter. For the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Gallup correctly predicted the winner, but was rated 17th out of 23 polling organizations in terms of the precision of its pre-election polls relative to the final results.[50]

In 2012, Gallup's final election survey had Mitt Romney at 49% and Barack Obama at 48%, compared to the final election results showing Obama with 51.1% to Romney's 47.2%.[51] Poll analyst Nate Silver found that Gallup's results were the least accurate of the 23 major polling firms Silver analyzed, having the highest incorrect average of being 7.2 points away from the final result.[52] Frank Newport, the editor-in-chief of Gallup, responded to the criticism by stating that Gallup simply makes an estimate of the national popular vote rather than predicting the winner and that their final poll was within the statistical margin of error. Newport also criticized analysts such as Silver who aggregate and analyze other people's polls, stating that "It’s much easier, cheaper, and mostly less risky to focus on aggregating and analyzing others’ polls."[53]

In 2012, poll analyst Mark Blumenthal criticized Gallup for a slight but routine under-weighting of black and Hispanic Americans that led to an approximately 2% shift of support away from Barack Obama. At the same time, Blumenthal commended Gallup for its "admirable commitment to transparency" and suggested that other polling firms disclose their raw data and methodologies.[54]

In 2013, the accuracy of Gallup polling on religious faith was questioned.[55] Gallup's polling on religiosity in the U.S. has produced results somewhat different[56][57] from other studies on religious issues, including a 2012 study by the Pew Research Center, which found that those who lack a religious affiliation were a fast-growing demographic group in the U.S.[58]

Gallup World Poll[edit]

In 2005, Gallup began its World Poll, which continually surveys citizens in 160 countries, representing more than 98% of the world's adult population. The Gallup World Poll consists of more than 100 global questions as well as region-specific items. It includes the following global indexes: law and order, food and shelter, institutions and infrastructure, good jobs, wellbeing, and brain gain. Gallup also works with organizations, cities, governments and countries to create custom items and indexes to gather information on specific topics of interest.[59][non-primary source needed]

Gallup World Poll Methodology[edit]

Gallup interviews approximately 1,000 residents per country. The target population is the entire civilian, non-institutionalized population, aged 15 and older. Gallup asks each respondent the survey questions in his or her own language to produce statistically comparable results. Gallup uses telephone surveys in countries where telephone coverage represents at least 80% of the population. Where telephone penetration is less than 80%, Gallup uses face-to-face interviewing.[59][60]

Services[edit]

Gallup is known for its Gallup Poll, but the bulk of the firm's business and revenue is derived from its other research and management consulting services, which include an employee engagement survey called Q12, and a personality assessment called CliftonStrengths.[29][61][62] The Q12 employee engagement survey asks employees 12 questions about their workplace, coworkers, and management, to measure engagement and help managers and organizations improve productivity.[61] CliftonStrengths, formerly called StrengthsFinder, is an online personality-assessment tool that focuses on 34 themes that make up the user's personality; Gallup uses the tool as part of its consulting.[62][63] For K–12 education, Gallup consults and trains schools and school systems to focus on strengths and increase engagement.[64][65] The company administers the Gallup Student Poll in the U.S., which measures success based on hope, engagement, and well-being.[64]

Gallup Press[edit]

Gallup's in-house publishing division, Gallup Press, has published approximately 30 books on business and personal well being-related themes.[66] Noteworthy titles include: First, Break All the Rules: What the World's Greatest Managers Do Differently;[33] How Full Is Your Bucket?, written by Gallup senior scientist Tom Rath[67] and his grandfather, Don Clifton,[68] founder of SRI;[69] and Now, Discover Your Strengths, updated to a new version called StrengthsFinder 2.0 in 2007,[70] which is among Amazon's 20 bestselling books of all-time as of 2017.[71]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Pace, Eric (July 28, 1984). "George H. Gallup Is Dead at 82; Pioneer in Public Opinion Polling". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d Provenzo Jr., Eugene F. (October 29, 2008). Encyclopedia of the Social and Cultural Foundations of Education. SAGE Publications. p. 359. ISBN 9781452265971. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Spiro, Leah Nathans (July 21, 2003). "Media; Gallup, the Pollster, Wants to Be Known for Its Consulting". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  4. ^ a b Keri, Jonah (15 February 1999). "Northridge Capital saves Gallup's East End deal". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  5. ^ ""Every once in a while, you have to bet everything or you won't keep developing." Jim Clifton, President and CEO, Gallup". Omaha World-Herald. April 9, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Gallup moving into Edgewood Dec. 22". Lincoln Journal Star. Lee Enterprises. December 14, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  7. ^ a b c Pierson, Richard (5 June 2015). "Cliftons, Gallup give $30 million to UNL". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  8. ^ a b Johnson, Carrie (30 January 2013). "Polling firm Gallup lands in legal hot water". NPR. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  9. ^ Kawar, Mark (April 9, 2004). "Gallup Organization Expects Book Profits to Double with New Publishing Unit". Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved April 24, 2018 – via HighBeam Research. (Subscription required (help)).
  10. ^ a b c Boudway, Ira (2012-11-08). "Right or Wrong, Gallup Always Wins". Businessweek. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
  11. ^ Inc., Gallup. "About Gallup".
  12. ^ a b c Purdum, Todd (18 September 1988). "Nebraska Concern Buys Gallup Organization". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  13. ^ ""Every once in a while, you have to bet everything or you won't keep developing." Jim Clifton, President and CEO, Gallup". Omaha World-Herald. April 9, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  14. ^ McGuigan, Christine (26 June 2017). "The Nebraska Builder Initiative launches this week at Gallup's Riverfront Campus". Silicon Prairie News. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  15. ^ "What the world thinks; Public opinion on the death of bin Laden". The Economist. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  16. ^ a b Parkinson, Joe; Kantchev, Georgi (23 March 2017). "Document: Russia Uses Rigged Polls, Fake News to Sway Foreign Elections". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  17. ^ Zeller, Shawn (23 June 2006). "Lost in Translation". Congressional Quarterly Weekly. Retrieved 9 July 2018. (Registration required (help)). Witness the recent travails of one of the most venerable polling operations, the Gallup Organization. Washington-based Gallup is seeking legal protection against incursions on its brand from overseas polling operations, chiefly in Europe. The company says that these competitors are making unfair use of the Gallup name by unduly playing up their membership in a trade association launched in Europe in 1947 by the polling firm's eponymous founder, George Gallup.
  18. ^ "JP,2001-090043,J7". Japan Platform for Patent Information. 9 March 2005. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  19. ^ a b c Vadukut, Sidin (8 May 2009). "Jim Clifton: This guy knows what you're thinking". Mint. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  20. ^ Lepore, Jill (16 November 2015). "Politics and the new machine". The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  21. ^ Overbey, Erin (26 October 2012). "Double take: George Gallup and the mystery of polls". The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  22. ^ a b Pace, Eric (28 July 1984). "George H. Gallup is dead at 82; pioneer in public opinion polling". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  23. ^ "Engines of Our Ingenuity No. 1199: Gallup Poll". uh.edu. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
  24. ^ Albert, Linda Braden (11 May 2014). "Pulse of the nation: Gallup memorabilia displayed at Blount library". The Daily Times (Maryville, Tennessee). Retrieved 4 May 2018. (Registration required (help)).
  25. ^ Rothman, Lily (17 November 2016). "How One Man Used Opinion Polling to Change American Politics". Time. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  26. ^ Clymer, Adam (28 July 1984). "An appreciation; the man who made polling what it is". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  27. ^ “The Gallup Organization.” Boundless Political Science. Boundless, 14 Nov. 2014.
  28. ^ a b Zernike, Kate (2011-11-22). "George Gallup Jr., of Polling Family, Dies at 81". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  29. ^ a b c Boudway, Ira (8 November 2012). "Right or Wrong, Gallup Always Wins". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  30. ^ "Gallup's Clifton dies at age 79". Lincoln Journal Star.
  31. ^ Caulkin, Simon (19 April 1998). "How that pat on the head can mean money in the bank". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2018. (Registration required (help)).
  32. ^ Blake, Aaron (18 January 2013). "Gallup and USA Today part ways". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  33. ^ a b Feloni, Richard (2 September 2016). "8 leadership lessons from the book Facebook's HR chief recommends to all new managers". Business Insider. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  34. ^ Fisher, Anne (1 September 2002). "Break All The Rules After polling thousands of companies, Gallup created a new approach to managing that has helped it and many others grow". Fortune Small Business. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  35. ^ a b c Moore, Martha T. (4 June 2013). "Gallup identifies flaws in 2012 election polls". USA Today. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  36. ^ a b c d Office of Public Affairs (15 July 2013). "The Gallup Organization Agrees to Pay $10.5 Million to Settle Allegations That It Improperly Inflated Contract Prices and Engaged in Prohibited Employment Negotiations with Fema Official". United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  37. ^ a b c Blake, Aaron (July 15, 2013). "Gallup agrees to $10.5 million settlement with Justice Department". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  38. ^ a b c d Kendall, Brent; Chaudhuri, Saabira (July 15, 2013). "Gallup Settles U.S. Disputes Over Billing". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
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  46. ^ Cell Phone Addiction Threatens Polling Industry Archived 2012-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
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  50. ^ Poll Accuracy in the 2008 Presidential Election (summary) Costas Panagopoulos, Ph.D. Department of Political Science, Fordham University, Initial Report, November 5, 2008
  51. ^ Romney 49%, Obama 48% in Gallup's Final Election Survey November 5, 2012.
  52. ^ Silver, Nate (Nov 10, 2012). "Which Polls Fared Best (and Worst) in the 2012 Presidential Race". The New York Times.
  53. ^ Gallup.Com - Polling Matters by Frank Newport: Polling, Likely Voters, and the Law of the Commons. Pollingmatters.gallup.com (2012-11-09). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  54. ^ Blumenthal, Mark (June 17, 2012). "Race Matters: Why Gallup Poll Finds Less Support For President Obama". The Huffington Post.
  55. ^ Merica, Dan (January 10, 2013). "Bucking previous trends, survey finds growth of the religiously unaffiliated slowing". CNN. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  56. ^ "In U.S., Rise in Religious "Nones" Slows in 2012". Gallup. January 10, 2013.
  57. ^ Newport, Frank (December 24, 2012). "In U.S., 77% Identify as Christian". Gallup.
  58. ^ "'Nones' on the Rise". Pew Research Center on Religion & Public Life. October 9, 2012.
  59. ^ a b "How does Gallup's global polling work?". Gallup.com. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
  60. ^ "Louis Harris, Pollster at Forefront of American Trends, Dies at 95". Like Elmo Roper and George Gallup, his pioneering predecessors, Mr. Harris plumbed attitudes with face-to-face interviews, using carefully worded questions put by trained interviewers to subjects selected as part of a group that was chosen as demographically representative of the nation.
  61. ^ a b Melendez, Steven (October 2015). "Unhappy At Work? Swipe Right To Tell The Boss". Fast Company. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  62. ^ a b Feintzeig, Rachel (10 February 2015). "Everything Is Awesome! Why You Can't Tell Employees They're Doing a Bad Job". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  63. ^ Adams, Susan (28 August 2009). "The Test That Measures A Leader's Strengths". Forbes. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  64. ^ a b Bui, Lynh (17 July 2013). "Montgomery County measuring 'hope' to help improve academic success in schools". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  65. ^ Klein, Rebecca (8 April 2015). "This District Is Trying To Improve Student Achievement By Making Kids Feel Good About Themselves". HuffPost. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  66. ^ Dianna Dilworth (9 June 2015). "Simon & Schuster to Distribute Gallup Books". Advertising Week. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  67. ^ Weigel, Jenniffer (15 May 2015). "'Fully Charged' life: Tom Rath shares advice from latest research". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  68. ^ Doll, Jonathan (25 November 2015). "How to Use a Strengths-Based Approach With Youth at Risk of Violence — It Really Is Rocket Science!". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  69. ^ Piersol, Richard (16 September 2003). "Gallup's Clifton dies at age 79". The Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  70. ^ Lesko, Ashley Prisant (12 October 2015). "How Do You Lead the Pack? A Resource to Develop Personal Strengths for Students and Practitioners". Journal of Management Education. 40 (108): 102–108. doi:10.1177/1052562915609958.
  71. ^ "The top 20 best-selling books of all time on Amazon include two Christian books (but not the Bible)". Christian Today. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.

Further reading[edit]

  • Boudway, Ira. "Right or Wrong, Gallup Always Wins, Bloomberg BusinessWeek Nov. 12, 2012
  • Cantril, Hadley. Gauging Public Opinion (1944)
  • Converse, Jean M. Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890-1960 (1987)
  • Gallup, George, ed. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935-1971 (3 vol 1972), compilation of reports on thousands of Gallup polls.
  • Gallup, George. Public Opinion in a Democracy (1939),
  • Gallup, George. The Sophisticated Poll Watcher's Guide (1972)
  • Moore, David W. The Superpollsters: How They Measure and Manipulate Public Opinion in America (1995) online edition
  • Roll, Jr., Charles W. and Albert H. Cantril; Polls: Their Use and Misuse in Politics (1972) online edition

External links[edit]

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