Nimber
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In mathematics, the nimbers, also called Grundy numbers, are introduced in combinatorial game theory, where they are defined as the values of heaps in the game Nim. The nimbers are the ordinal numbers endowed with nimber addition and nimber multiplication, which are distinct from ordinal addition and ordinal multiplication.
Because of the Sprague–Grundy theorem which states that every impartial game is equivalent to a Nim heap of a certain size, nimbers arise in a much larger class of impartial games. They may also occur in partizan games like Domineering.
Nimbers have the characteristic that their Left and Right options are identical, following a certain schema, and that they are their own negatives, such that a positive ordinal may be added to another positive ordinal using nimber addition to find an ordinal of a lower value.[1] The minimum excludant operation is applied to sets of nimbers.
Contents
Uses[edit]
Nim[edit]
Nim is a game in which two players take turns removing objects from distinct heaps. As moves depend only on the position and not on which of the two players is currently moving, and where the payoffs are symmetric, Nim is an impartial game. On each turn, a player must remove at least one object, and may remove any number of objects provided they all come from the same heap. The goal of the game is to avoid being the player who must remove the last object. Using nimber addition, each heap can be summed together to give a nim value for the heap. Furthermore, as all the heaps together can be summed using nim addition, one can calculate the nimber of the game as a whole. The winning strategy of this game is to force the cumulative nimber of the game to 0 for the opponents turn.[2]
Cram[edit]
Cram is a game often played on a rectangular board in which players take turns placing dominoes either horizontally or vertically until no more dominoes can be placed. The first player that cannot make a move loses. As the possible moves for both players are the same, it is an impartial game and can have a nimber value. If each row and column is considered a heap, then the value of the game is the sum of all rows and columns using nimber addition. For example, any 2xn board will have a nimber of 0 for all even n and a nimber of 1 for all odd n.
Northcott's Game[edit]
A game where pegs for each player are placed along a column with a finite number of spaces. Each turn each player must move the piece up or down the column, but may not move past the other player's piece. Several columns are stacked together to add complexity. The player that can no longer make any moves loses. Unlike many other nimber related games, the number of spaces between the two tokens on each row are the sizes of the Nim heaps. If your opponent increases the number of spaces between two tokens, just decrease it on your next move. Else, play the game of Nim and make the Nim-sum of the number of spaces between the tokens on each row be 0.[3]
Hackenbush[edit]
Hackenbush is a game invented by mathematician John Horton Conway. It may be played on any configuration of colored line segments connected to one another by their endpoints and to a "ground" line. players take turns removing line segments. An impartial game version, thereby a game able to be analyzed using nimbers can be found by removing distinction from the lines, allowing either player to cut any branch. Any segments reliant on the newly removed segment in order to connect to the ground line are removed as well. In this way, each connection to the ground can be considered a nim heap with a nimber value. Additionally, all the separate connections to the ground line can also be summed for a nimber of the game state.
Addition[edit]
Nimber addition (also known as nim-addition) can be used to calculate the size of a single nim heap equivalent to a collection of nim heaps. It is defined recursively by
- α ⊕ β = mex({α′ ⊕ β : α' < α} ∪ {α ⊕ β′ : β′ < β}),
where the minimum excludant mex(S) of a set S of ordinals is defined to be the smallest ordinal that is not an element of S.
For finite ordinals, the nim-sum is easily evaluated on a computer by taking the bitwise exclusive or (XOR, denoted by ⊕) of the corresponding numbers. For example, the nim-sum of 7 and 14 can be found by writing 7 as 111 and 14 as 1110; the ones place adds to 1; the twos place adds to 2, which we replace with 0; the fours place adds to 2, which we replace with 0; the eights place adds to 1. So the nim-sum is written in binary as 1001, or in decimal as 9.
This property of addition follows from the fact that both mex and XOR yield a winning strategy for Nim and there can be only one such strategy; or it can be shown directly by induction: Let α and β be two finite ordinals, and assume that the nim-sum of all pairs with one of them reduced is already defined. The only number whose XOR with α is α ⊕ β is β, and vice versa; thus α ⊕ β is excluded. On the other hand, for any ordinal γ < α ⊕ β, XORing ξ ≔ α ⊕ β ⊕ γ with all of α, β and γ must lead to a reduction for one of them (since the leading 1 in ξ must be present in at least one of the three); since ξ ⊕ γ = α ⊕ β > γ, we must have α > ξ ⊕ α = β ⊕ γ or β > ξ ⊕ β = α ⊕ γ; thus γ is included as (β ⊕ γ) ⊕ β or as α ⊕ (α ⊕ γ), and hence α ⊕ β is the minimum excluded ordinal.
Multiplication[edit]
Nimber multiplication (nim-multiplication) is defined recursively by
- α β = mex({α′ β ⊕ α β′ ⊕ α' β′ : α′ < α, β′ < β}).
Except for the fact that nimbers form a proper class and not a set, the class of nimbers determines an algebraically closed field of characteristic 2. The nimber additive identity is the ordinal 0, and the nimber multiplicative identity is the ordinal 1. In keeping with the characteristic being 2, the nimber additive inverse of the ordinal α is α itself. The nimber multiplicative inverse of the nonzero ordinal α is given by 1/α = mex(S), where S is the smallest set of ordinals (nimbers) such that
- 0 is an element of S;
- if 0 < α′ < α and β′ is an element of S, then [1 + (α′ − α) β′] / α′ is also an element of S.
For all natural numbers n, the set of nimbers less than 22n form the Galois field GF(22n) of order 22n.
In particular, this implies that the set of finite nimbers is isomorphic to the direct limit as n → ∞ of the fields GF(22n). This subfield is not algebraically closed, since no other field GF(2k) (so with k not a power of 2) is contained in any of those fields, and therefore not in their direct limit; for instance the polynomial x3 + x + 1, which has a root in GF(23), does not have a root in the set of finite nimbers.
Just as in the case of nimber addition, there is a means of computing the nimber product of finite ordinals. This is determined by the rules that
- The nimber product of a Fermat 2-power (numbers of the form 22n) with a smaller number is equal to their ordinary product;
- The nimber square of a Fermat 2-power x is equal to 3x/2 as evaluated under the ordinary multiplication of natural numbers.
The smallest algebraically closed field of nimbers is the set of nimbers less than the ordinal ωωω, where ω is the smallest infinite ordinal. It follows that as a nimber, ωωω is transcendental over the field.[4]
Addition and multiplication tables[edit]
The following tables exhibit addition and multiplication among the first 16 nimbers.
This subset is closed under both operations, since 16 is of the form 22n.
(If you prefer simple text tables, they are here.)
The nonzero elements form the Cayley table of Z15.
The small matrices are permuted binary Walsh matrices.
Calculating the nim-products of powers of two is a decisive point in the recursive algorithm of nimber-multiplication.
Notes[edit]
- ^ Advances in computer games : 14th International Conference, ACG 2015, Leiden, the Netherlands, July 1-3, 2015, Revised selected papers. Herik, Jaap van den,, Plaat, Aske,, Kosters, Walter,. Cham. ISBN 3319279920. OCLC 933627646.
- ^ Anany., Levitin, (2012). Introduction to the design & analysis of algorithms (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson. ISBN 9780132316811. OCLC 743298766.
- ^ "Theory of Impartial Games" (PDF). Feb 3, 2009.
- ^ Conway 1976, p. 61.
References[edit]
- Conway, John Horton (1976). On Numbers and Games. Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd.
- Lenstra, H. W. (1978). "Nim multiplication". hdl:1887/2125. Missing or empty
|url=(help) - Schleicher, Dierk; Stoll, Michael. "An Introduction to Conway's Games and Numbers". arXiv:math.DO/0410026. which discusses games, surreal numbers, and nimbers.
