Interlisp

Interlisp

Paradigms	Multiparadigm: functional, procedural, object-oriented, declarative, reflective, meta
Family	Lisp
First appeared	1968 (1968)
Last release	Medley 2.0 / February 1992 (1992-02)
Implementation language	C
Platform	PDP-1, PDP-10, MOS Technology 6502, Atari 800; Xerox 1100, 1108, 1109, 1186, 1132
OS	TOPS-20
License	Proprietary
Influenced by
Lisp
Influenced
Lisp Machine Lisp

Interlisp (also seen with a variety of capitalizations) is a programming environment built around a version of the programming language Lisp. Interlisp development began in 1966 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (renamed BBN Technologies) in Cambridge, Massachusetts with Lisp implemented for the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-1 computer by Danny Bobrow and D. L. Murphy. In 1970, BBN LISP was designed, which ran on PDP-10 machines running the operating system TENEX (renamed TOPS-20). In 1973, when Danny Bobrow, Warren Teitelman and Ronald Kaplan moved from BBN to the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), it was renamed Interlisp. Interlisp became a popular Lisp development tool for artificial intelligence (AI) researchers at Stanford University and elsewhere in the community of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Interlisp was notable for integrating interactive development tools into an integrated development environment (IDE), such as a debugger, an automatic correction tool for simple errors (via do what I mean (DWIM) software design, and analysis tools.

Adaptations

At Xerox PARC, an early attempt was made to define a virtual machine to facilitate porting, termed the Interlisp virtual machine. However, it was not useful as a basis for porting.

Peter Deutsch defined a byte-coded instruction set for Interlisp, and implemented it as a microcoded emulator for the Xerox Alto. This was subsequently ported to a series of workstation designs produced by Xerox for both their own use and for commercial exploitation, including the Xerox 1100 (Dolphin), 1108 (Dandelion), 1109 (the floating-point enabled Dandetiger), 1186 (Daybreak), and 1132 (Dorado). Interlisp implementations for these were known collectively as Interlisp-D. Commercially, these were sold as Lisp machines and branded as Xerox AI Workstations; the same designs, but with different software, were also sold under different names (e.g., when running the Viewpoint system, the 1186 Daybreak was sold as the Xerox 6085.) Releases of Interlisp-D were named according to a musical theme, which ended with Koto, Lyric, and Medley. Later versions included an implementation of pre-American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Common Lisp, named Xerox Common Lisp. LOOPS, the object system for Interlisp-D, became, along with Symbolics' Flavors system, the basis for the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS).

The PDP-10 version of Interlisp became Interlisp-10; BBN had an internal project to build Interlisp-Jericho and there was a 1982 port to Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix on the VAX by Stanford University, Information Sciences Institute (ISI) and Xerox PARC, called Interlisp-VAX.

In 1981, Warren Teitelman and Larry Masinter published a paper on Interlisp in IEEE Computer that provides a nice overview of the system and its design philosophy.

Also in 1981, a variant for the MOS Technology 6502 processor, INTER-LISP/65, was released by Datasoft for the Atari 800.

In 1985 to 19877, a team from Fuji Xerox developed an implementation of the microcoded bytecode interpreter in the language C, and, together with Xerox AI Systems (XAIS) in Sunnyvale, California, completed the port of the environment and emulator to the Sun Microsystems SPARC 4 architecture. In 1987, XAIS was spun off into Envos Corporation, which failed almost immediately.

Interlisp-D release timeline:

• 1983 – Chorus
• 1983 – Fugue
• June 1984 – Carol
• January 1985 – Harmony
• 1985 – Intermezzo
• December 1985 – Koto, first release to support the Xerox 1185/1186 workstation, some support for Common Lisp
• June 1987 – Lyric, supports Xerox Common Lisp as part of the standard Lisp sysout
• September 1988 – Medley, for Xerox 1100 and Sun 3 machines
• February 1992 – Medley 2.0, includes CLOS with MOP, runs on various Unix machines, DOS 4.0, and the Xerox 1186

In 1992, an Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Software System Award recognized the team of Daniel G. Bobrow, Richard R. Burton, L. Peter Deutsch, Ronald Kaplan, Larry Masinter, Warren Teitelman for their pioneering work on Interlisp.

See also

• Lisp machine

Publications

• Warren Teitelman et al., Interlisp Reference Manual (Xerox tech report, 1974)
• J Strother Moore, The Interlisp Virtual Machine Specification (Xerox tech report, 1976)
• L Peter Deutsch, A LISP Machine with Very Compact Programs (Third Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1973).
• Kaisler, S. H. 1986 Interlisp: the Language and its Usage. Wiley-Interscience.

External links

• Archived Interlisp documentation at bitsavers.org
• LISPF4 an Interlisp interpreter written originally in Fortran by Mats Nordstrom and ported to C (Windows, Mac OS, and Linux) by Blake McBride.
• Interlisp documentation at Computer History Museum.
• AtariAge forum discussion on INTER-LISP/65
• AtariWiki entry for INTER-LISP/65