Power of two

Visualization of powers of two from 1 to 1024 (2⁰ to 2¹⁰).

In mathematics, a power of two is a number of the form $2 n$ where $n$ is an integer, i.e. the result of exponentiation with number two as the base and integer $n$ as the exponent.

In a context where only integers are considered, $n$ is restricted to non-negative values,^[1] so we have 1, 2, and 2 multiplied by itself a certain number of times.^[2]

Because two is the base of the binary numeral system, powers of two are common in computer science. Written in binary, a power of two always has the form 100…000 or 0.00…001, just like a power of ten in the decimal system.

Computer science[edit]

Two to the power of $n$ , written as $2 n$ , is the number of ways the bits in a binary word of length $n$ can be arranged. A word, interpreted as an unsigned integer, can represent values from 0 ( $000\dots000 2$ ) to $2 n - 1$ ( $111\dots111 2$ ) inclusively. Corresponding signed integer values can be positive, negative and zero; see signed number representations. Either way, one less than a power of two is often the upper bound of an integer in binary computers. As a consequence, numbers of this form show up frequently in computer software. As an example, a video game running on an 8-bit system might limit the score or the number of items the player can hold to 255—the result of using a byte, which is 8 bits long, to store the number, giving a maximum value of $28 - 1 = 255$ . For example, in the original Legend of Zelda the main character was limited to carrying 255 rupees (the currency of the game) at any given time, and the video game Pac-Man famously has a kill screen at level 256.

Powers of two are often used to measure computer memory. A byte is now considered eight bits (an octet, resulting in the possibility of 256 values (2⁸). (The term byte once meant (and in some cases, still means) a collection of bits, typically of 5 to 32 bits, rather than only an 8-bit unit.) The prefix kilo, in conjunction with byte, may be, and has traditionally been, used, to mean 1,024 (2¹⁰). However, in general, the term kilo has been used in the International System of Units to mean 1,000 (10³). Binary prefixes have been standardized, such as kibi (Ki) meaning 1,024. Nearly all processor registers have sizes that are powers of two, 32 or 64 being most common.

Powers of two occur in a range of other places as well. For many disk drives, at least one of the sector size, number of sectors per track, and number of tracks per surface is a power of two. The logical block size is almost always a power of two.

Numbers that are not powers of two occur in a number of situations, such as video resolutions, but they are often the sum or product of only two or three powers of two, or powers of two minus one. For example, $640 = 32 \times 20$ , and $480 = 32 \times 15$ . Put another way, they have fairly regular bit patterns.

Mersenne and Fermat primes[edit]

A prime number that is one less than a power of two is called a Mersenne prime. For example, the prime number 31 is a Mersenne prime because it is 1 less than 32 (2⁵). Similarly, a prime number (like 257) that is one more than a positive power of two is called a Fermat prime—the exponent itself is a power of two. A fraction that has a power of two as its denominator is called a dyadic rational. The numbers that can be represented as sums of consecutive positive integers are called polite numbers; they are exactly the numbers that are not powers of two.

Euclid's Elements, Book IX[edit]

The geometric progression 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, … (or, in the binary numeral system, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, … ) is important in number theory. Book IX, Proposition 36 of Elements proves that if the sum of the first $n$ terms of this progression is a prime number (and thus is a Mersenne prime as mentioned above), then this sum times the $n$ th term is a perfect number. For example, the sum of the first 5 terms of the series 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 = 31, which is a prime number. The sum 31 multiplied by 16 (the 5th term in the series) equals 496, which is a perfect number.

Book IX, Proposition 35, proves that in a geometric series if the first term is subtracted from the second and last term in the sequence, then as the excess of the second is to the first—so is the excess of the last to all those before it. (This is a restatement of our formula for geometric series from above.) Applying this to the geometric progression 31, 62, 124, 248, 496 (which results from 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 by multiplying all terms by 31), we see that 62 minus 31 is to 31 as 496 minus 31 is to the sum of 31, 62, 124, 248. Therefore, the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124 and 248 add up to 496 and further these are all the numbers that divide 496. For suppose that $p$ divides 496 and it is not amongst these numbers. Assume $p q$ is equal to $16 \times 31$ , or 31 is to $q$ as $p$ is to 16. Now $p$ cannot divide 16 or it would be amongst the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. Therefore, 31 cannot divide $q$ . And since 31 does not divide $q$ and $q$ measures 496, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic implies that $q$ must divide 16 and be amongst the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. Let $q$ be 4, then $p$ must be 124, which is impossible since by hypothesis $p$ is not amongst the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124 or 248.

The 0th through 95th powers of two[edit]

(sequence A000079 in the OEIS)

2⁰	=	1	2¹⁶	=	65,536	2³²	=	4,294,967,296	2⁴⁸	=	281,474,976,710,656	2⁶⁴	=	18,446,744,073,709,551,616	2⁸⁰	=	1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
2¹	=	2	2¹⁷	=	131,072	2³³	=	8,589,934,592	2⁴⁹	=	562,949,953,421,312	2⁶⁵	=	36,893,488,147,419,103,232	2⁸¹	=	2,417,851,639,229,258,349,412,352
2²	=	4	2¹⁸	=	262,144	2³⁴	=	17,179,869,184	2⁵⁰	=	1,125,899,906,842,624	2⁶⁶	=	73,786,976,294,838,206,464	2⁸²	=	4,835,703,278,458,516,698,824,704
2³	=	8	2¹⁹	=	524,288	2³⁵	=	34,359,738,368	2⁵¹	=	2,251,799,813,685,248	2⁶⁷	=	147,573,952,589,676,412,928	2⁸³	=	9,671,406,556,917,033,397,649,408
2⁴	=	16	2²⁰	=	1,048,576	2³⁶	=	68,719,476,736	2⁵²	=	4,503,599,627,370,496	2⁶⁸	=	295,147,905,179,352,825,856	2⁸⁴	=	19,342,813,113,834,066,795,298,816
2⁵	=	32	2²¹	=	2,097,152	2³⁷	=	137,438,953,472	2⁵³	=	9,007,199,254,740,992	2⁶⁹	=	590,295,810,358,705,651,712	2⁸⁵	=	38,685,626,227,668,133,590,597,632
2⁶	=	64	2²²	=	4,194,304	2³⁸	=	274,877,906,944	2⁵⁴	=	18,014,398,509,481,984	2⁷⁰	=	1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424	2⁸⁶	=	77,371,252,455,336,267,181,195,264
2⁷	=	128	2²³	=	8,388,608	2³⁹	=	549,755,813,888	2⁵⁵	=	36,028,797,018,963,968	2⁷¹	=	2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848	2⁸⁷	=	154,742,504,910,672,534,362,390,528
2⁸	=	256	2²⁴	=	16,777,216	2⁴⁰	=	1,099,511,627,776	2⁵⁶	=	72,057,594,037,927,936	2⁷²	=	4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696	2⁸⁸	=	309,485,009,821,345,068,724,781,056
2⁹	=	512	2²⁵	=	33,554,432	2⁴¹	=	2,199,023,255,552	2⁵⁷	=	144,115,188,075,855,872	2⁷³	=	9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392	2⁸⁹	=	618,970,019,642,690,137,449,562,112
2¹⁰	=	1,024	2²⁶	=	67,108,864	2⁴²	=	4,398,046,511,104	2⁵⁸	=	288,230,376,151,711,744	2⁷⁴	=	18,889,465,931,478,580,854,784	2⁹⁰	=	1,237,940,039,285,380,274,899,124,224
2¹¹	=	2,048	2²⁷	=	134,217,728	2⁴³	=	8,796,093,022,208	2⁵⁹	=	576,460,752,303,423,488	2⁷⁵	=	37,778,931,862,957,161,709,568	2⁹¹	=	2,475,880,078,570,760,549,798,248,448
2¹²	=	4,096	2²⁸	=	268,435,456	2⁴⁴	=	17,592,186,044,416	2⁶⁰	=	1,152,921,504,606,846,976	2⁷⁶	=	75,557,863,725,914,323,419,136	2⁹²	=	4,951,760,157,141,521,099,596,496,896
2¹³	=	8,192	2²⁹	=	536,870,912	2⁴⁵	=	35,184,372,088,832	2⁶¹	=	2,305,843,009,213,693,952	2⁷⁷	=	151,115,727,451,828,646,838,272	2⁹³	=	9,903,520,314,283,042,199,192,993,792
2¹⁴	=	16,384	2³⁰	=	1,073,741,824	2⁴⁶	=	70,368,744,177,664	2⁶²	=	4,611,686,018,427,387,904	2⁷⁸	=	302,231,454,903,657,293,676,544	2⁹⁴	=	19,807,040,628,566,084,398,385,987,584
2¹⁵	=	32,768	2³¹	=	2,147,483,648	2⁴⁷	=	140,737,488,355,328	2⁶³	=	9,223,372,036,854,775,808	2⁷⁹	=	604,462,909,807,314,587,353,088	2⁹⁵	=	39,614,081,257,132,168,796,771,975,168

Starting with 2 the last digit is periodic with period 4, with the cycle 2–4–8–6–, and starting with 4 the last two digits are periodic with period 20. These patterns are generally true of any power, with respect to any base. The pattern continues, of course, where each pattern has starting point $2 k$ , and the period is the multiplicative order of 2 modulo $5 k$ , which is $φ(5 k)$ = 4 × $5 k -1$ (see Multiplicative group of integers modulo n).^{[citation needed]}

Powers of 1024[edit]

(sequence A140300 in the OEIS)

The first few powers of 2¹⁰ are slightly larger than those same powers of 1000:

2⁰	=	1	= 1000⁰	(0% deviation)
2¹⁰	=	1 024	≈ 1000¹	(2.4% deviation)
2²⁰	=	1 048 576	≈ 1000²	(4.9% deviation)
2³⁰	=	1 073 741 824	≈ 1000³	(7.4% deviation)
2⁴⁰	=	1 099 511 627 776	≈ 1000⁴	(10% deviation)
2⁵⁰	=	1 125 899 906 842 624	≈ 1000⁵	(12.6% deviation)
2⁶⁰	=	1 152 921 504 606 846 976	≈ 1000⁶	(15.3% deviation)
2⁷⁰	=	1 180 591 620 717 411 303 424	≈ 1000⁷	(18.1% deviation)
2⁸⁰	=	1 208 925 819 614 629 174 706 176	≈ 1000⁸	(20.9% deviation)
2⁹⁰	=	1 237 940 039 285 380 274 899 124 224	≈ 1000⁹	(23.8% deviation)
2¹⁰⁰	=	1 267 650 600 228 229 401 496 703 205 376	≈ 1000¹⁰	(26.8% deviation)
2¹¹⁰	=	1 298 074 214 633 706 907 132 624 082 305 024	≈ 1000¹¹	(29.8% deviation)
2¹²⁰	=	1 329 227 995 784 915 872 903 807 060 280 344 576	≈ 1000¹²	(32.9% deviation)
2¹³⁰	=	1 361 129 467 683 753 853 853 498 429 727 072 845 824	≈ 1000¹³	(36.1% deviation)
2¹⁴⁰	=	1 393 796 574 908 163 946 345 982 392 040 522 594 123 776	≈ 1000¹⁴	(39.4% deviation)
2¹⁵⁰	=	1 427 247 692 705 959 881 058 285 969 449 495 136 382 746 624	≈ 1000¹⁵	(42.7% deviation)

Powers of two whose exponents are powers of two[edit]

Because data (specifically integers) and the addresses of data are stored using the same hardware, and the data is stored in one or more octets ( $23$ ), double exponentials of two are common. For example,

(sequence A001146 in the OEIS)

2¹ = 2

2² = 4

2⁴ = 16

2⁸ = 256

2¹⁶ = 65,536

2³² = 4,294,967,296

2⁶⁴ = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 (20 digits)

2¹²⁸ = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (39 digits)

2²⁵⁶ =
115,792,089,237,316,195,423,570,985,008,687,907,853,269,984,665,640,564,039,457,584,007,913,129,
639,936 (78 digits)

2⁵¹² =
13,407,807,929,942,597,099,574,024,998,205,846,127,479,365,820,592,393,377,723,561,443,721,764,0
30,073,546,976,801,874,298,166,903,427,690,031,858,186,486,050,853,753,882,811,946,569,946,433,6
49,006,084,096 (155 digits)

2^1,024 = 179,769,313,486,231,590,772,930,...,304,835,356,329,624,224,137,216 (309 digits)

2^2,048 = 32,317,006,071,311,007,300,714,8...,193,555,853,611,059,596,230,656 (617 digits)

2^4,096 = 1,044,388,881,413,152,506,691,75...,243,804,708,340,403,154,190,336 (1,234 digits)

2^8,192 = 1,090,748,135,619,415,929,462,98...,997,186,505,665,475,715,792,896 (2,467 digits)

2^16,384 = 1,189,731,495,357,231,765,085,75...,460,447,027,290,669,964,066,816 (4,933 digits)

2^32,768 = 1,415,461,031,044,954,789,001,55...,541,122,668,104,633,712,377,856 (9,865 digits)

2^65,536 = 2,003,529,930,406,846,464,979,07...,339,445,587,895,905,719,156,736 (19,729 digits)

2^131,072 = 4,014,132,182,036,063,039,166,06...,850,665,812,318,570,934,173,696 (39,457 digits)

2^262,144 = 16,113,257,174,857,604,736,195,7...,753,862,605,349,934,298,300,416 (78,914 digits)

Several of these numbers represent the number of values representable using common computer data types. For example, a 32-bit word consisting of 4 bytes can represent $232$ distinct values, which can either be regarded as mere bit-patterns, or are more commonly interpreted as the unsigned numbers from 0 to $232 - 1$ , or as the range of signed numbers between $-2 31$ and $231 - 1$ . Also see tetration and lower hyperoperations. For more about representing signed numbers see two's complement.

In a connection with nimbers these numbers are often called Fermat 2-powers.

The numbers $2^{2^{n}}$ form an irrationality sequence: for every sequence $x_{i}$ of positive integers, the series

\sum _{i=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{2^{i}}x_{i}}}={\frac {1}{2x_{0}}}+{\frac {1}{4x_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{16x_{2}}}+\cdots

converges to an irrational number. Despite the rapid growth of this sequence, it is the slowest-growing irrationality sequence known.^[3]

Some selected powers of two[edit]

2⁸ = 256: The number of values represented by the 8 bits in a byte, more specifically termed as an octet. (The term byte is often defined as a collection of bits rather than the strict definition of an 8-bit quantity, as demonstrated by the term kilobyte.)
2¹⁰ = 1,024: The binary approximation of the kilo-, or 1,000 multiplier, which causes a change of prefix. For example: 1,024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (or kibibyte).; This number has no special significance to computers, but is important to humans because we make use of powers of ten.
2¹² = 4,096: The hardware page size of Intel x86 processor.
2¹⁵ = 32,768: The number of non-negative values for a signed 16-bit integer.
2¹⁶ = 65,536: The number of distinct values representable in a single word on a 16-bit processor, such as the original x86 processors.^[4]; The maximum range of a short integer variable in the C#, and Java programming languages. The maximum range of a Word or Smallint variable in the Pascal programming language.; The number of binary relations on a 4-element set.
2²⁰ = 1,048,576: The binary approximation of the mega-, or 1,000,000 multiplier, which causes a change of prefix. For example: 1,048,576 bytes = 1 megabyte (or mibibyte).; This number has no special significance to computers, but is important to humans because we make use of powers of ten.
2²⁴ = 16,777,216: The number of unique colors that can be displayed in truecolor, which is used by common computer monitors.; This number is the result of using the three-channel RGB system, with 8 bits for each channel, or 24 bits in total.; The size of the largest unsigned integer or address in computers with 24-bit registers or data buses.
2²⁹ = 536,870,912: The largest power of two with distinct digits in base ten.^[5]
2³⁰ = 1,073,741,824: The binary approximation of the giga-, or 1,000,000,000 multiplier, which causes a change of prefix. For example, 1,073,741,824 bytes = 1 gigabyte (or gibibyte).; This number has no special significance to computers, but is important to humans because we make use of powers of ten.
2³¹ = 2,147,483,648: The number of non-negative values for a signed 32-bit integer. Since Unix time is measured in seconds since January 1, 1970, it will run out at 2,147,483,647 seconds or 03:14:07 UTC on Tuesday, 19 January 2038 on 32-bit computers running Unix, a problem known as the year 2038 problem.
2³² = 4,294,967,296: The number of distinct values representable in a single word on a 32-bit processor.^[6] Or, the number of values representable in a doubleword on a 16-bit processor, such as the original x86 processors.^[4]; The range of an int variable in the Java and C# programming languages.; The range of a Cardinal or Integer variable in the Pascal programming language.; The minimum range of a long integer variable in the C and C++ programming languages.; The total number of IP addresses under IPv4. Although this is a seemingly large number, IPv4 address exhaustion is imminent.; The number of binary operations with domain equal to any 4-element set, such as GF(4).
2⁴⁰ = 1,099,511,627,776: The binary approximation of the tera-, or 1,000,000,000,000 multiplier, which causes a change of prefix. For example, 1,099,511,627,776 bytes = 1 terabyte (or tebibyte).; This number has no special significance to computers, but is important to humans because we make use of powers of ten.
2⁵⁰ = 1,125,899,906,842,624: The binary approximation of the peta-, or 1,000,000,000,000,000 multiplier. 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes = 1 petabyte (or pebibyte).
2⁵³ = 9,007,199,254,740,992: The number until which all integer values can exactly be represented in IEEE double precision floating-point format.
2⁵⁶ = 72,057,594,037,927,936: The number of different possible keys in the obsolete 56 bit DES symmetric cipher.
2⁶⁰ = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976: The binary approximation of the exa-, or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 multiplier. 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes = 1 exabyte (or exbibyte).
2⁶³ = 9,223,372,036,854,775,808: The number of non-negative values for a signed 64-bit integer.
2⁶⁴ = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616: The number of distinct values representable in a single word on a 64-bit processor. Or, the number of values representable in a doubleword on a 32-bit processor. Or, the number of values representable in a quadword on a 16-bit processor, such as the original x86 processors.^[4]; The range of a long variable in the Java and C# programming languages.; The range of a Int64 or QWord variable in the Pascal programming language.; The total number of IPv6 addresses generally given to a single LAN or subnet.; One more than the number of grains of rice on a chessboard, according to the old story, where the first square contains one grain of rice and each succeeding square twice as many as the previous square. For this reason the number 2⁶⁴ – 1 is known as the "chess number".; 2⁶⁴ – 1 is also the numbers of moves required to complete the legendary 64-disk version of the Tower of Hanoi.
2⁶⁸ = 295,147,905,179,352,825,856: The first power of 2 to contain all decimal digits. (sequence A137214 in the OEIS)
2⁷⁰ = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424: The binary approximation of the zetta-, or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 multiplier. 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes = 1 zettabyte (or zebibyte).
2⁸⁰ = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176: The binary approximation of the yotta-, or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 multiplier. 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bytes = 1 yottabyte (or yobibyte).
2⁸⁶ = 77,371,252,455,336,267,181,195,264: 2⁸⁶ is conjectured to be the largest power of two not containing a zero in decimal.^[7]
2⁹⁶ = 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336: The total number of IPv6 addresses generally given to a local Internet registry. In CIDR notation, ISPs are given a /32, which means that 128-32=96 bits are available for addresses (as opposed to network designation). Thus, 2⁹⁶ addresses.
2¹²⁸ = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456: The total number of IP addresses available under IPv6. Also the number of distinct universally unique identifiers (UUIDs).
2¹⁶⁸ = 374,144,419,156,711,147,060,143,317,175,368,453,031,918,731,001,856: The largest known power of 2 not containing all decimal digits (the digit 2 is missing in this case). (sequence A137214 in the OEIS)
2¹⁹² = 6,277,101,735,386,680,763,835,789,423,207,666,416,102,355,444,464,034,512,896: The total number of different possible keys in the AES 192-bit key space (symmetric cipher).
2²⁵⁶ = 115,792,089,237,316,195,423,570,985,008,687,907,853,269,984,665,640,564,039,457,584,007,913,129, 639,936: The total number of different possible keys in the AES 256-bit key space (symmetric cipher).
2³³³ = 17,498,005,798,264,095,394,980,017,816,940,970,922,825,355,447,145,699,491,406,164,851,279,623,9 93,595,007,385,788,105,416,184,430,592: The smallest power of 2 greater than a googol (10¹⁰⁰).
2¹⁰²⁴ = 179,769,313,486,231,590,772,931,...,304,835,356,329,624,224,137,216: The maximum number that can fit in an IEEE double-precision floating-point format, and hence the maximum number that can be represented by many programs, for example Microsoft Excel.
2^77,232,917 = 467,333,183,359,231,099,988,335,...,136,582,730,618,069,762,179,072: One more than the largest known prime number as of 2018^[update]. It has more than 23 million digits.^[8]

Other properties[edit]

The sum of all $n$ -choose binomial coefficients is equal to $2 n$ . Consider the set of all $n$ -digit binary integers. Its cardinality is $2 n$ . It is also the sums of the cardinalities of certain subsets: the subset of integers with no 1s (consisting of a single number, written as $n$ 0s), the subset with a single 1, the subset with two 1s, and so on up to the subset with $n$ 1s (consisting of the number written as $n$ 1s). Each of these is in turn equal to the binomial coefficient indexed by $n$ and the number of 1s being considered (e.g., there are 10-choose-3 binary numbers with ten digits that include exactly three 1s).

The number of vertices of an $n$ -dimensional hypercube is $2 n$ . Similarly, the number of $(n - 1)$ -faces of an $n$ -dimensional cross-polytope is also $2 n$ and the formula for the number of $x$ -faces an $n$ -dimensional cross-polytope has is $\scriptstyle 2^{x}{n \choose x}$ .

The sum of the reciprocals of the powers of two is 1. The sum of the reciprocals of the squared powers of two is 1/3.

The smallest natural power of two whose decimal representation begins with 7 is^[9]

2^{46}=70\ 368\ 744\ 177\ 664.

References[edit]

^ Lipschutz, Seymour (1982). Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Essential Computer Mathematics. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 3. ISBN 0-07-037990-4.
^ Sewell, Michael J. (1997). Mathematics Masterclasses. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-19-851494-8.
^ Guy, Richard K. (2004), "E24 Irrationality sequences", Unsolved problems in number theory (3rd ed.), Springer-Verlag, p. 346, ISBN 0-387-20860-7, Zbl 1058.11001, archived from the original on 2016-04-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c Though they vary in word size, all x86 processors use the term "word" to mean 16 bits; thus, a 32-bit x86 processor refers to its native wordsize as a dword
^ Prime Curios!: 536870912 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2017-09-05.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ Powers of 2 by Vaughn Aubuchon Archived 2015-08-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Zero." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2013-05-29.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ https://www.mersenne.org/primes/?press=M77232917
^ Paweł Strzelecki (1994). "O potęgach dwójki (About powers of two)" (in Polish). Delta. Archived from the original on 2016-05-09.

External links[edit]

OEIS sequence A000079 (2ⁿ) (Powers of two)
OEIS sequence A001146 (2^(2ⁿ)) (Powers of two whose exponents are powers of two)

[1] Lipschutz, Seymour (1982). Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Essential Computer Mathematics. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 3. ISBN 0-07-037990-4.

[2] Sewell, Michael J. (1997). Mathematics Masterclasses. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-19-851494-8.

[3] Guy, Richard K. (2004), "E24 Irrationality sequences", Unsolved problems in number theory (3rd ed.), Springer-Verlag, p. 346, ISBN 0-387-20860-7, Zbl 1058.11001, archived from the original on 2016-04-28.

[iword-4] Though they vary in word size, all x86 processors use the term "word" to mean 16 bits; thus, a 32-bit x86 processor refers to its native wordsize as a dword

[5] Prime Curios!: 536870912 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2017-09-05.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)

[6] Powers of 2 by Vaughn Aubuchon Archived 2015-08-12 at the Wayback Machine

[7] Weisstein, Eric W. "Zero." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2013-05-29.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)

[8] ttps://www.mersenne.org/primes/?press=M77232917

[o_potegach_dwojki-9] Paweł Strzelecki (1994). "O potęgach dwójki (About powers of two)" (in Polish). Delta. Archived from the original on 2016-05-09.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

Power of two

Contents

Computer science[edit]

Mersenne and Fermat primes[edit]

Euclid's Elements, Book IX[edit]

The 0th through 95th powers of two[edit]

Powers of 1024[edit]

Powers of two whose exponents are powers of two[edit]

Some selected powers of two[edit]

Other properties[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Navigation

Interaction

Tools

Print/export

In other projects

Languages