Dwight Macdonald
Dwight Macdonald | |
---|---|
Born | New York City, New York, U.S. | March 24, 1906
Died | November 29, 1982 New York City, New York, U.S. | (aged 76)
Nationality | American |
Education | Yale University Phillips Exeter Academy |
Occupation | writer, editor, essayist, film critic, book critic, social critic, philosopher |
Employer | The New Yorker (staff writer) Partisan Review (editor) politics (founder and editor) The New York Review of Books (book critic) The Today Show (film critic) |
Dwight Macdonald (March 24, 1906 – December 19, 1982) was an American writer, editor, film critic, social critic, philosopher, and political radical.
Contents
Early life and career[edit]
Dwight Macdonald was born in New York City[1] to a prosperous Protestant family from Brooklyn and educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and at Yale University.[2] At university, he was editor of The Yale Record, the student humor magazine.[3] As a student at Yale, he also was a member of Psi Upsilon; his first job was as a trainee executive for Macy's.
In 1929, Macdonald was employed at Time magazine; he had been offered a job by Henry Luce, a fellow Yale alumnus. In 1930, he became the associate editor of Fortune, then a new publication created by Luce.[4] Like many writers on Fortune, his politics were radicalized by the Great Depression. He resigned from the magazine in 1936 over an editorial dispute, when the magazine's executives severely edited the last installment of his extended four-part attack on U.S. Steel.
In 1934, he married Nancy Gardiner Rodman (1910–1996), sister of Selden Rodman and credited as the person who "radicalized" him.[5] He is the father of filmmaker and author Nicholas Macdonald; and of Michael Macdonald.[6]
Editor and writer[edit]
Dwight Macdonald was an editor of the Partisan Review magazine from 1937 to 1943; but, in the course of editorial disagreements, about the degree, the practice, and the principles of political, cultural, and literary criticism, he quit to establish politics, a magazine of more out-spoken and leftist editorial perspective, which he published from 1944 to 1949.[7]
As an editor, he fostered intellectuals (academic and public), such as Lionel Trilling, Mary McCarthy, George Orwell, Bruno Bettelheim, and C. Wright Mills. Besides his editorial work, he also was a staff writer for The New Yorker magazine, from 1952 to 1962, and was the movie critic for Esquire magazine. In the 1960s, the quality of his movie-review work for Esquire granted Macdonald public exposure in the American cultural mainstream, as a movie reviewer for The Today Show, a daytime television talk-show program.[8]
Politics[edit]
In the realm of left-wing politics, Dwight Macdonald, originally a committed Trotskyist, broke with Leon Trotsky on the matter of the Kronstadt rebellion (March 1921), which Trotsky and the Bolsheviks had suppressed; he then progressed towards democratic socialism.[9] He was opposed to totalitarianism, including fascism and communism, whose defeat he viewed as necessary to the survival of civilization.[10] He denounced Joseph Stalin, first for encouraging the Poles to anti–Nazi insurrection in the Warsaw Uprising (August–October 1944) and then for halting the Red Army at the outskirts of Warsaw, to allow the German Army to crush the Poles, and kill their leaders, communist and non-communist.[11][12][13][14]
At the same time, Macdonald was critical of the methods that elected, democratic governments used to oppose totalitarianism. In the course of the Second World War (1939–1945), he suffered from increased fatigue and psychological depression, as he observed the progressive horrors of the war, especially the commonplace practice of the bombing of civilian populations and the destruction of entire cities, especially the fire bombing of Dresden (February 1945) and the mistreatment of dehumanized Germans. Hence, by the war's end, Macdonald's politics had progressed to pacifism and to libertarian socialism.[11][14][15]
In that vein, in 1952, in debating East–West politics with the writer Norman Mailer, Macdonald said that if forced to choose a side, he would choose the West because he opposed Stalinism and Soviet communism as the greatest threats to civilization.[15] In 1953, he publicly re-stated that pro–West political stance in the revised edition of the essay “The Root is Man” (1946); nonetheless, in light of the anticommunist witch hunts that were McCarthyism (1950–56), Macdonald later repudiated such binary politics.[16][17] In 1955, Macdonald became the associate editor (for one year) of Encounter magazine, a publication sponsored by the Congress for Cultural Freedom, which was a CIA-funded front organisation meant to ideologically influence and control cultural élites in the Cold War (1945–91) with the Soviet Union. Macdonald did not know that Encounter magazine was a CIA front, and when he learned the fact, he condemned CIA sponsorship of literary publications and organizations. He had also participated in conferences sponsored by the Congress for Cultural Freedom.[11][18]
Cultural critic[edit]
During the late 1950s and the 1960s, Dwight Macdonald wrote cultural criticism, especially about the rise of mass media and of middle-brow culture, of mediocrity exemplified; the blandly wholesome worldview of the play Our Town (1938), by Thornton Wilder, the commodified culture of the Great Books of the Western World, and the simplistic language of the Revised Standard Version (1966) of the Bible:
To make the Bible readable in the modern sense means to flatten out, tone down, and convert into tepid expository prose what in [the King James Version] is wild, full of awe, poetic, and passionate. It means stepping down the voltage of the K.J.V. so that it won’t blow any fuses. Babes and sucklings (or infants) can play with the R.S.V. without the slightest danger of electrocution.[19]
His New Yorker reviews of Webster's Third Edition, published in 1961, and Michael Harrington's book on poverty in America,"The Other America," published in 1962 are perhaps most indicative of the depth and intellectual acuity of his work. His review of Harrington's book was read by President Kennedy, and later was seen as a factor in the start of Kennedy's plan for a war on poverty, which Lyndon Johnson adopted after Kennedy's assassination.
In The New Republic magazine, in the essay “The Browbeater” (23 November 2011), Franklin Foer accused Macdonald of being a hatchet-man for high culture, going on to say that, in his Masscult and Midcult: Against The American Grain (2011), a new edition of Against the American Grain: Essays on the Effects of Mass Culture (1962), Macdonald's cultural criticism “culminated in a plea for highbrows to escape from the mass culture” that dominates the mainstream of American society. Macdonald, Foer suggests, would welcome a time when “highbrows would flee to their own hermetic little world, where they could produce art for one another, while resolutely ignoring the masses.”[20]
Likewise, in the book Dwight Macdonald on Culture: The Happy Warrior of the Mind, Reconsidered (2013), Tadeusz Lewandowski argued that Macdonald's approach to cultural questions, as a public intellectual, placed him in the conservative tradition of the British cultural critic Matthew Arnold, of whom he was the literary heir in the twentieth century. Previously, in the field of Cultural Studies Dwight Macdonald was placed among the radical traditions of the New York Intellectuals (left-wing anti–Stalinists) and of the Marxist Frankfurt School.[21]
Political radical renewed[edit]
As a writer, Dwight Macdonald published essays and reviews in The New Yorker and in The New York Review of Books. His most consequential book review for The New Yorker magazine was “Our Invisible Poor” (January 1963) about The Other America (1962), by Michael Harrington, a social-history book that reported and documented the socio-economic inequality and racism experienced by twenty-five percent of the U.S. population.[22] The social historian Maurice Isserman said that the War on Poverty (1964) derived from the Johnson Administration having noticed the sociological report of The Other America, by way of Macdonald's book-review essay.[23]
In opposing the Vietnam War (1945–75) Macdonald defended the constitutional right of American university students to protest the public policies that facilitated that war in Southeast Asia; thus, he supported the Columbia University students who organized a sit-in protest meant to halt the university's functions.[10] Yet, in 1968, as a political radical, himself, Macdonald criticized the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) organization for insufficient ideological commitment, for showing only the red flag of revolution, not the black flag of Anarchism, his political taste.
In further action upon his political principles, Macdonald signed his name to the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" by which he refused to pay income tax to undermine the financing of the undeclared Vietnam War.[24] Likewise, along with the American public intellectuals Mitchell Goodman, Henry Braun, Denise Levertov, Noam Chomsky, and William Sloane Coffin, Dwight Macdonald signed the antiwar manifesto “A Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority” (12 October 1967), and was a member of RESIST, a non-profit organization for co-ordinating grass-roots political work.[25]
Anecdotes[edit]
Macdonald's outspokenness and volubility garnered many detractors. "You have nothing to say, only to add," Gore Vidal told him. Leon Trotsky reportedly observed, "Every man has a right to be stupid but comrade Macdonald abuses the privilege." Paul Goodman quipped, "Dwight thinks with his typewriter." [26]
Works[edit]
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- Fascism and the American Scene (1938) pamphlet
- The war's greatest scandal; the story of Jim Crow in uniform (1943) pamphlet, research by Nancy Macdonald
- The Responsibility of Peoples: An Essay on War Guilt (1944)
- Henry Wallace: The Man and the Myth (1948)
- The Root Is Man: Two Essays in Politics (1953)
- The Ford Foundation: The Men and the Millions – an Unauthorized Biography (1955)
- The Responsibility of Peoples, and Other Essays in Political Criticism (1957/1974)
- Memoirs of a Revolutionist: Essays in Political Criticism (1960) This was later republished with the title Politics Past.
- Neither Victims nor Executioners, by Albert Camus (1960) translator
- Parodies: An Anthology from Chaucer to Beerbohm – and After (1960) editor
- Against The American Grain: Essays on the Effects of Mass Culture (1962)
- Our Invisible Poor (1963)
- Poems of Edgar Allan Poe (1965) editor
- On Movies (1969)
- Politics Past (1970)
- Dwight Macdonald on Movies (1971)
- Discriminations: Essays and Afterthoughts 1938–1974 (1974)
- My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen (1982) editor
- A Moral Temper: The Letters of Dwight Macdonald (2001) edited by Michael Wreszin
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Menand, Louis. "Browbeaten". New Yorker. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
- ^ Podhoretz, Norman (1967). Making it. New York: Random House. p. 111. OCLC 292070.
- ^ Wreszin, Michael, ed. (2003) Interviews with Dwight MacDonald. University Press of Mississippi. p. 116.
- ^ Szalai, Jennifer (12 December 2011). "Mac the Knife: On Dwight Macdonald". The Nation. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
- ^ MacDonald, Dwight; Wreszin, Michael (2003). Interviews with Dwight Macdonald. University Press of Mississippi. p. xiii. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- ^ Macdonald, Dwight, ed. (1961) Parodies: an anthology from Chaucer to Beerbohm—and after. London: Faber; p. v
- ^ TIME 4 April 1994 Volume 143, No. 14 – "Biographical sketch of Dwight Macdonald" by John Elson Archived January 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (Accessed 4 December 2008)
- ^ Garner, Dwight (21 October 2011). "Dwight Macdonald's War on Mediocrity". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
- ^ Mattson, Kevin. 2002. Intellectuals in Action: The Origins of the New Left and Radical Liberalism, 1945–1970. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002. p. 34
- ^ a b Wakeman, John. World Authors 1950–1970: a Companion Volume to Twentieth Century Authors. New York: H.W. Wilson Company, 1975. ISBN 0824204190. (pp. 902–4).
- ^ a b c "Dwight and Left: The centenary of Dwight Macdonald's birth should inspire more Americans to read their most crotchety, snobby, and brilliant critic." John Rodden and Jack Rossi. The American Prospect. February 20, 2006.
- ^
- Dwight Macdonald, 'Warsaw', politics, 1, 9 (October 1944), 257–9
- 1, 10 (November 1944), 297–8
- 1, 11 (December 1944), 327–8.
- ^ Costello, David R. (January 2005). "'My Kind of Guy': George Orwell and Dwight Macdonald, 1941–49". Journal of Contemporary History. 40 (1): 79–94. doi:10.1177/0022009405049267. JSTOR 30036310.
- ^ a b Memoirs of a Revolutionist: Essays in Political Criticism (1960). This was later republished with the title Politics Past.
- ^ a b Brock, Peter, and Young, Nigel. Pacifism in the Twentieth Century. Syracuse University Press, New York, 1999 ISBN 0-8156-8125-9 (p.249)
- ^ Dwight Macdonald, The Root is Man, Alhambra, Calif., 1953.
- ^ "Ronald Radosh's Macdonald," Michael Wreszin, The New York Times, 18 September 1988
- ^ Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea, Irving Kristol (New York 1995), p. 461.
- ^ Foer, Franklin (2011-12-15). "The Browbeater". The New Republic. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
- ^ Foer, Franklin (2011-12-15). "The Browbeater". The New Republic. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
- ^ Lewandowski, Tadeusz (2013). Dwight Macdonald on Culture: The Happy Warrior of the Mind, Reconsidered.
- ^ MacDonald, Dwight (19 January 1963). "Our Invisible Poor". The New Yorker.
- ^ Isserman, Maurice (2009-06-19). "Michael Harrington: Warrior on poverty". The New York Times.
- ^ "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" January 30, 1968 New York Post
- ^ Barsky, Robert F. Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent. 1st ed. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1998. Web. Ch.4: Marching with the Armies of the Night Archived January 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Garner, Dwight (21 October 2011). "Dwight Macdonald's War on Mediocrity". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Further reading[edit]
- Bloom, Alexander (1986). Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Lewandowski, Tadeusz. (2013). Dwight Macdonald on Culture: The Happy Warrior of the Mind, Reconsidered. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
- Sumner, Gregory D. (1996). Dwight Macdonald and the Politics Circle: The Challenge of Cosmopolitan Democracy.
- Whitfield, Stephen J. (1984). A Critical American: The Politics of Dwight Macdonald.
- Wreszin, Michael (1994). A Rebel in Defense of Tradition: The Life and Politics of Dwight MacDonald. New York: Basic Books.
- Wreszin, Michael. editor (2003). Interviews with Dwight Macdonald.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Dwight Macdonald |
- Dwight Macdonald Internet Archive at marxists.org
- Dwight, The Passionate Moralist, by Edward Mendelson,The New York Review of Books, March 8, 2012 . (Subscription Required).
- The Man Who Knew Too Much, The American Conservative
- Biographical sketch of Dwight Macdonald by John Elson, TIME, April 4, 1994 Volume 143, No. 14
- Dwight Macdonald at Library of Congress Authorities, with 27 catalog records
- Guide to the Dwight Macdonald Papers, Yale University Library
- Archive of politics at libcom.org
- 1906 births
- 1982 deaths
- American political writers
- American male writers
- Philosophers from New York (state)
- American anarchists
- American socialists
- Individualist anarchists
- North American democratic socialists
- American tax resisters
- Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
- The Yale Record alumni
- Writers from New York City
- American anti-communists
- American anti-fascists
- War Resisters League activists
- Social critics
- American male essayists
- 20th-century American essayists