Andative and venitive
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In linguistics, andative and venitive (abbreviated AND and VEN) are a type of verbal deixis: verb forms which indicate 'going' or 'coming' motion, respectively, in reference to a particular location or person. Other terms sometimes seen are itive and ventive, or translocative and cislocative. They generally derive historically from the verbs go and come being reduced to auxiliary verbs or verbal affixes, and may in turn be grammaticalized to aspectual morphemes. Many languages of California, West Africa (such as Akan), the Caucasus-Mideast-North Africa (Akkadian, Sumerian), and Oceania have such verb forms.
A language with andative and venitive forms may also use them with a verb to carry, for example, to create the meanings of "bring" (venitive) and "take (away)" (andative).
Lithuanian[edit]
The Lithuanian language marks direction towards and away from the deictic centre when movement verbs are used much alike, but even more so, than Slavic languages. This makes up a very important part of Lithuanian grammar, as it is added to many of the most used verbs (movement verbs). In the general sense, the proclitic "at" shows movement towards the listener or the deictic centre and "iš" shows movement from or away from it.
"Rytoj atvažiuosiu pas tave" stands for "tomorrow TOWARDS.travel.FUT.1pS (by vehicle) to you.ACC" or "I will travel to you tomorrow". "Aš išvažiuosiu dabar, nes man blogai" stands for "I.NOM AWAY.travel.FUT.1pS (by vehicle) now, because I.DAT bad.ADV" or "I will leave now since I am feeling bad".
As it can be understood from the examples, the particles "at" and "iš" help Lithuanians specify the relation of the movement intended with the deictic centre. As a result of this, different nuances can be obtained from not using these particles, similar to the feeling provided in English by using "I will go to you" vs "I will come to you".
Several other verbs which can and do use these particles are: eiti (to go by foot), nešti (to carry), skristi (to fly), vairuoti (to pilot, to drive), etc.
Nonetheless, the meanings of these directional particles have widened over time to the point that they bring a different shade of meaning but related to the concept they originally stood for. And this has happened with many other Lithuanian prepositions and prefixes; remarkable is the drift suffered by positional prepositions, which are now also used to express cause in a genuine system which is both complex and unique to the Lithuanian language, and about which comprehensive information can be found at: http://www.lituanus.org/1999/99_1_07.htm.[1]
To provide an example, the meaning of "at" is very likely derived from its Indo-European origin in the particle *ád|[1], meaning "near, at". As a result of this, this prefix can be used in a derivative way in order to create a new word with a different meaning from an existing word. The meaning of this new word could be more or less similar to that of the original term. Thus, from the verb "pažinti" (to know (as in a person or a fact)), we get "atpažinti" (to tell apart, to know which one it is (from a group)).
Polynesian[edit]
Proto-Polynesian is reconstructed as having four directional particles used for verbs: venitive *mai, andative *atu, upwards (uphill, inland) *hake, and downwards (downhill, seawards) *hifo.
In the Tokelauan language, the Polynesian venitive and andative particles mai and atu have evidential uses, and are used in aspectual constructions, mai for continuative aspect ("going on") and atu for inchoative aspect ("coming to be").
The Vanuatu language Lenakel has not only a venitive suffix, but also a suffix that indicates that the action is directed towards the person addressed, as well as a neutral suffix that indicates that the action is directed neither towards the speaker nor towards the person addressed.
| ieramɨra | r-armwiɡ | m-ɨni-pa | to | kat-lau |
| chief | 3sg-rise | and-say-ven | dative | inclusive-we-dual |
"The chief rose and spoke to both of us."
Sumerian[edit]
While the so-called conjugational prefixes of Sumerian have been interpreted in different ways, one of the most common views involves the following analysis:
| lugal | im-ĝen-Ø |
| king | prefix(*)-ven-go-3 sg.subj |
"The king came"
But:
| lugal | ì-ĝen-Ø |
| king | prefix(*)-go-3sg.subj |
"The king went (away)"
(*) The prefix ì- has no grammatical or lexical meaning. It is used, because each finite verb form must have at least one prefix.
The venitive prefix is also frequently used with verbs that do not express a movement:
| lugal-e | é | mu-n-ŕú-Ø |
| king-erg | temple | ven-3sg.agent-build-3sg.patient |
"The king built the temple (up)"
Currently, sumerologists use the variant term ventive rather than venitive.
Notes[edit]
- ^ Copyright © 1999 LITUANUS Foundation, Inc. ELENA VALIULYTĖ
References[edit]
- Robin Hooper. 2002. "Deixis and aspect: The Tokelauan directional particles mai and atu." Studies in language 26 (2):283–313.
- Edzard, Dietz-Otto: A Sumerian Grammar, Brill Academic Publishers, 2003, ISBN 90-04-12608-2.
- Lynch, John: A Grammar of Lenakel. (Pacific Linguistics Series B No. 55) The Australian National University, Canberra 1978.
