Specials (Unicode block)

Specials
Range	U+FFF0..U+FFFF (16 code points)
Plane	BMP
Scripts	Common
Assigned	5 code points
Unused	9 reserved code points 2 non-characters
Unicode version history
1.0.0	1 (+1)
2.1	2 (+1)
3.0	5 (+3)
Note:

Specials is a short Unicode block allocated at the very end of the Basic Multilingual Plane, at U+FFF0–FFFF. Of these 16 code points, five are assigned as of Unicode 11.0:

• U+FFF9 INTERLINEAR ANNOTATION ANCHOR, marks start of annotated text
• U+FFFA INTERLINEAR ANNOTATION SEPARATOR, marks start of annotating character(s)
• U+FFFB INTERLINEAR ANNOTATION TERMINATOR, marks end of annotation block
• U+FFFC  OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, placeholder in the text for another unspecified object, for example in a compound document.
• U+FFFD � REPLACEMENT CHARACTER used to replace an unknown, unrecognized or unrepresentable character
• U+FFFE <noncharacter-FFFE> not a character.
• U+FFFF <noncharacter-FFFF> not a character.

FFFE and FFFF are not unassigned in the usual sense, but guaranteed not to be a Unicode character at all. They can be used to guess a text's encoding scheme, since any text containing these is by definition not a correctly encoded Unicode text. Unicode's U+FEFF BYTE ORDER MARK character can be inserted at the beginning of a Unicode text to signal its endianness: a program reading such a text and encountering 0xFFFE would then know that it should switch the byte order for all the following characters.

Replacement character

Replacement character

The replacement character � (often a black diamond with a white question mark or an empty square box) is a symbol found in the Unicode standard at code point U+FFFD in the Specials table. It is used to indicate problems when a system is unable to render a stream of data to a correct symbol. It is usually seen when the data is invalid and does not match any character:

Consider a text file containing the German word "für" in the ISO-8859-1 encoding (0x66 0xFC 0x72). This file is now opened with a text editor that assumes the input is UTF-8. The first and last byte are valid UTF-8 encodings of ASCII, but the middle byte (0xFC) is not a valid byte in UTF-8. Therefore, a text editor could replace this byte with the replacement character symbol to produce a valid string of Unicode code points. The whole string now displays like this: "f�r".

A poorly implemented text editor might save the replacement in UTF-8 form; the text file data will then look like this: 0x66 0xEF 0xBF 0xBD 0x72, which will be displayed in ISO-8859-1 as "f�r" (see mojibake). Since the replacement is the same for all errors this makes it impossible to recover the original character. A better (but harder to implement) design is to preserve the original bytes, including the error, and only convert to the replacement when displaying the text. This will allow the text editor to save the original byte sequence, while still showing the error indicator to the user.

It has become increasingly common for software to interpret invalid UTF-8 by guessing the bytes are in another byte-based encoding such as ISO-8859-1. This allows correct display of both valid and invalid UTF-8 pasted together. If a web page uses ISO-8859-1 (or Windows-1252) but specifies the encoding as UTF-8, most web browsers used to display all non-ASCII characters as �, but newer browsers translate the erroneous bytes individually to characters in Windows-1252, so the replacement character is less frequently seen.

Unicode chart

Specials Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+FFFx										IA  A	IA  S	IA  T		�
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points 3.^ Black areas indicate noncharacters (code points that are guaranteed never to be assigned as encoded characters in the Unicode Standard)

History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Specials block:

Version	Final code points	Count	UTC ID	L2 ID	WG2 ID	Document
1.0.0	U+FFFD	1				(to be determined)
2.1	U+FFFC	1				(to be determined)
3.0	U+FFF9..FFFB	3		L2/98-055		Freytag, Asmus (1998-02-22), Support for Implementing Inline and Interlinear Annotations
				L2/98-099	N1727	Freytag, Asmus (1998-03-18), Support for Implementing Interlinear Annotations as used in East Asian Typography
				L2/98-158		Aliprand, Joan; Winkler, Arnold (1998-05-26), "Inline and Interlinear Annotations", Draft Minutes - UTC #76 & NCITS Subgroup L2 #173 joint meeting, Tredyffrin, Pennsylvania, April 20-22, 1998
				L2/98-270		Hiura, Hideki; Kobayashi, Tatsuo (1998-07-29), Suggestion to the inline and interlinear annotation proposal
				L2/98-281R		Aliprand, Joan (1998-07-31), "In-Line and Interlinear Annotation", Unconfirmed Minutes - UTC #77 & NCITS Subgroup L2 # 174 JOINT MEETING, Redmond, WA -- July 29-31, 1998
				L2/98-363	N1861	Sato, T. K. (1998-09-01), Ruby markers
				L2/98-416	N1882	Support for Implementing Interlinear Annotations, 1998-09-23
				L2/98-312		Whistler, Ken (1998-09-29), "8", Resolutions from SC2/WG2 meeting in London with comments from Ken Whistler
				L2/98-421R		Suignard, Michel; Hiura, Hideki (1998-12-04), Notes concerning the PDAM 30 interlinear annotation characters
				L2/98-419		Aliprand, Joan (1999-02-05), "nterlinear Annotation Characters", Approved Minutes -- UTC #78 & NCITS Subgroup L2 # 175 Joint Meeting, San Jose, CA -- December 1-4, 1998
			UTC/1999-021			Duerst, Martin; Bosak, Jon (1999-06-08), W3C XML CG statement on annotation characters
				L2/01-301		Whistler, Ken (2001-08-01), "E. Indicated as "strongly discouraged" for plain text interchange", Analysis of Character Deprecation in the Unicode Standard

See also

• Unicode control characters
• UTF-8
• Mojibake