Idu script
| Idu script | |
 A page from the 19th-century yuseopilji. | |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Idu |
| McCune–Reischauer | Idu |
.jpg) |
| Korean writing systems |
|---|
| Hangul/Chosŏn'gŭl |
| Hanja |
| Mixed script |
| Braille |
| Transcription |
| Transliteration |
Idu (이두, hanja : 吏讀, meaning official's reading) is an archaic writing system that represents the Korean language using hanja. The term "idu" is used in two senses. It may refer to various systems of representing Korean phonology through Chinese characters called hanja, which were used from the early Three Kingdoms to Joseon periods. In this sense, it includes hyangchal and gugyeol writing, as well as the narrower sense of "idu". The narrower sense refers solely to the system developed in the Goryeo period (918–1392), and first referred to by name in the Jewang Ungi.
Background[edit]
The idu script was developed to record Korean expressions using Chinese graphs borrowed in their Chinese meaning but it was read as the corresponding Korean sounds or by means of Chinese graphs borrowed in their Chinese sounds.[1] This is also known as hanja and was used along with special symbols to indicate Korean verb endings and other grammatical markers that were different in Korean from Chinese. This made both the meaning and pronunciation difficult to parse, and was one reason the system was gradually abandoned, to be replaced with hangul, after the invention of such in the 15th century. In this respect, it faced problems analogous to those that confronted early efforts to represent the Japanese language with kanji, due to grammatical differences between these languages and Chinese. In Japan, the early use of Chinese characters for Japanese grammar was in man'yōgana, which was replaced by kana, the Japanese syllabic script.
Characters were selected for idu based on their Korean sound, their adapted Korean sound, or their meaning, and some were given a completely new sound and meaning. At the same time, 150 new Korean characters were invented, mainly for names of people and places. Idu system was used mainly by members of the Jungin class.
One of the primary purposed of the script was the clarification of Chinese government documents that were written in Chinese so that they can be understood by the Korean readers.[2] Idu was also used to teach Koreans the Chinese language.[2] The Ming legal code was translated in its entirety into Korean using idu in 1395.[3] The same script was also used to translate the Essentials of agriculture and sericulture (Nongsan jiyao) after it was ordered by the King Taejong in 1414.[3]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Lee, Peter (2003). A History of Korean Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780521828581.
- ^ a b Allan, Keith (2013). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 222. ISBN 9780199585847.
- ^ a b Kornicki, Peter Francis (2018). Languages, scripts, and Chinese texts in East Asia. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 197. ISBN 9780198797821.
- Peter H. Lee (2003): A History of Korean Literature, Cambridge University Press
- Nam Pung-hyeon (남풍현) (2000): Idu Study (吏讀研究), Taehak Publishing (太學社), Seoul, Korea.
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