Conceptual blending
Conceptual blending, also called conceptual integration or view application, is a theory of cognition developed by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. According to this theory, elements and vital relations from diverse scenarios are "blended" in a subconscious process, which is assumed to be ubiquitous to everyday thought and language. Conceptual blending is an emerging field of studies for computer scientists wishing to pursue researches in artificial intelligence.[citation needed]
Contents
History[edit]
The development of this theory began in 1993 and a representative early formulation is found in the online article Conceptual Integration and Formal Expression.[1] Turner and Fauconnier cite Arthur Koestler's 1964 book The Act of Creation as an early forerunner of conceptual blending: Koestler had identified a common pattern in creative achievements in the arts, sciences and humor that he had termed "bisociation of matrices."[2] A newer version of blending theory, with somewhat different terminology, was presented in Turner and Fauconnier's 2002 book, The Way We Think.[3] Conceptual blending, in the Fauconnier and Turner formulation, is one of the theoretical tools used in George Lakoff and Rafael Núñez's Where Mathematics Comes From, in which the authors assert that "understanding mathematics requires the mastering of extensive networks of metaphorical blends."[4]
Computational models[edit]
Conceptual blending is closely related to frame-based theories, but goes beyond these primarily in that it is a theory of how to combine frames (or frame-like objects). An early computational model of a process called "view application", which is closely related to conceptual blending (which did not exist at the time), was implemented in the 1980s by Shrager at CMU and PARC, and applied in the domains of causal reasoning about complex devices[5] and scientific reasoning.[6] More recent computational accounts of blending have been developed in areas such as mathematics.[7] Some later models are based upon Structure Mapping, which did not exist at the time of the earlier implementations.
The philosophical status of the theory[edit]
In his book The Literary Mind[8] (p. 93), conceptual blending theorist Mark Turner states that
Conceptual blending is a fundamental instrument of the every day mind, used in our basic construal of all our realities, from the social to the scientific.
Insights obtained from conceptual blends constitute the products of creative thinking, however conceptual blending theory is not itself a complete theory of creativity, inasmuch as it does not illuminate the issue of where the inputs to a blend originate. In other words, conceptual blending provides a terminology for describing creative products, but has little to say on the matter of inspiration.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Conceptual Integration and Formal Expression Archived 2006-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mark Turner, Gilles Fauconnier: The Way We Think. Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities. New York: Basic Books 2002, p. 37
- ^ Fauconnier, Gilles; Turner, Mark (2008), The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities, Basic Books.
- ^ Lakoff, George; Núñez, Rafael (2003), Where mathematics comes from, Basic Books, p. 48, ISBN 0-465-03770-4
- ^ Shrager, J. (1987) Theory Change via View Application in Instructionless Learning. Machine Learning 2 (3), 247–276.
- ^ Shrager, J. (1990) Commonsense perception and the psychology of theory formation. In Shrager & Langley (Eds.) Computational models of scientific discovery and theory formation. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
- ^ Guhe, Markus, Alison Pease, Alan Smaill, Maricarmen Martinez, Martin Schmidtb, Helmar Gust, Kai-Uwe Kühnberger and Ulf Krumnack (2011). A computational account of conceptual blending in basic mathematics. Cognitive Systems Research Volume 12, Issues 3–4, September–December 2011, pp. 249–265 Special Issue on Complex Cognition
- ^ Turner, Mark (1997), The literary mind, Oxford University Press.
External links[edit]
- Blending and Conceptual Integration – Mark Turner
- The Center for the Cognitive Science of Metaphor Online is a collection of numerous formative articles in the fields of conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending (aka conceptual integration).
- The differences between conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual blending are illustrated in this article on visual blends by Tim Rohrer
- Aparta Krystian. Conventional Models of Time and Their Extensions in Science Fiction A master's thesis exploring conceptual blending in time travel. Contains an introduction to the theory of conceptual blending, as well as an exploration of the differences between conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual blending theory.
- TEDxYouth@Krakow – Krystian Aparta – The power of imagination Talk showing examples of blending outside of language.
