Barrelled space

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, barrelled spaces are Hausdorff topological vector spaces for which every barrelled set in the space is a neighbourhood for the zero vector. A barrelled set or a barrel in a topological vector space is a set which is convex, balanced, absorbing and closed. Barrelled spaces are studied because a form of the Banach–Steinhaus theorem still holds for them.

History

Barrelled spaces were introduced by Bourbaki (1950).

Examples

• In a semi normed vector space the closed unit ball is a barrel.
• Every locally convex topological vector space has a neighbourhood basis consisting of barrelled sets, although the space itself need not be a barreled space.
• Fréchet spaces, and in particular Banach spaces, are barrelled, but generally a normed vector space is not barrelled. For instance, if L²([0, 1]) is topologized as a subspace of L¹([0, 1]), then it is not barrelled.
• Montel spaces are barrelled. Consequently, strong duals of Montel spaces are barrelled (since they are Montel spaces).
• Every topological vector space which is of the second category in itself is barrelled.

Properties

For a Hausdorff locally convex space $X$ with continuous dual $X'$ the following are equivalent:

• X is barrelled,
• every $\sigma (X',X)$-bounded subset of the continuous dual space X' is equicontinuous (this provides a partial converse to the Banach-Steinhaus theorem),
• for all subsets A of the continuous dual space X', the following properties are equivalent: A is
  • equicontinuous,
  • relatively weakly compact,
  • strongly bounded,
  • weakly bounded,
• X carries the strong topology $\beta (X,X')$,
• every lower semi-continuous semi-norm on $X$ is continuous,
• the 0-neighborhood bases in X and the fundamental families of bounded sets in $E_{\beta }'$ correspond to each other by polarity.

In addition,

• Every sequentially complete quasibarrelled space is barrelled.
• A barrelled space need not be Montel, complete, metrizable, unordered Baire-like, nor the inductive limit of Banach spaces.

Quasi-barrelled spaces

A topological vector space $X$, where every bornivorous barrel is a neighbourhood of $0$, is called a quasi-barrelled space. Every barrelled space is quasi-barrelled.

For a locally convex space $X$ with continuous dual $X'$ the following are equivalent:

• $X$ is quasi-barrelled,
• every bounded lower semi-continuous semi-norm on $X$ is continuous,
• every $\beta (X',X)$-bounded subset of the continuous dual space $X'$ is equicontinuous.

References

• Bourbaki, Nicolas (1950). "Sur certains espaces vectoriels topologiques". Annales de l'Institut Fourier (in French). 2: 5–16 (1951). MR 0042609.
• Robertson, Alex P.; Robertson, Wendy J. (1964). Topological vector spaces. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics. 53. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–75.
• Schaefer, Helmut H. (1971). Topological vector spaces. GTM. 3. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 60. ISBN 0-387-98726-6.
• S.M. Khaleelulla (1982). Counterexamples in Topological Vector Spaces. GTM. 936. Springer-Verlag. pp. 28–46. ISBN 978-3-540-11565-6.
• Jarhow, Hans (1981). Locally convex spaces. Teubner. ISBN 978-3-322-90561-1.