Longevity myths

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This article is about myths related to the mythology of humans or other beings living to mythological ages. For validated specific supercentenarian claims by modern standards, see List of the verified oldest people. For modern, or complete, unvalidated supercentenarian claims, see Longevity claims.
Jurōjin, the God of Longevity in Taoism

Longevity myths are traditions about long-lived people (generally supercentenarians), either as individuals or groups of people, and practices that have been believed to confer longevity, but for which scientific evidence does not support the ages claimed or the reasons for the claims.[1][2] While literal interpretations of such myths may appear to indicate extraordinarily long lifespans, many scholars[3] believe such figures may be the result of incorrect translation of numbering systems through various languages coupled by the cultural and/or symbolic significance of certain numbers.

The phrase "longevity tradition" may include "purifications, rituals, longevity practices, meditations, and alchemy"[4] that have been believed to confer greater human longevity, especially in Chinese culture.[1][2]

Modern science indicates various ways in which genetics, diet, and lifestyle affect human longevity. It also allows us to determine the age of human remains with a fair degree of precision.

The Sacrifice of Noah, Jacopo Bassano (c. 1515 – 1592), Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten, Potsdam-Sanssouci, c. 1574. Noah was traditionally age 601 at the time.

Extreme longevity claims in religion[edit]

Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)[edit]

Several parts of the Hebrew Bible, including the Torah, Joshua, Job, and 2 Chronicles, mention individuals with lifespans up to the 969 years of Methuselah.

Some apologists explain these extreme ages as ancient mistranslations that converted the word "month" to "year", mistaking lunar cycles for solar ones: this would turn an age of 969 years into a more reasonable 969 lunar months, or about 78.3 solar years.[5]

Donald Etz says that the Genesis 5 numbers were multiplied by ten by a later editor.[6] These interpretations introduce an inconsistency: it would mean that the ages of the first nine patriarchs at fatherhood, ranging from 62 to 230 years in the manuscripts, would then be transformed into an implausible range such as 5 to 18½ years.[7] Others say that the first list, of only 10 names for 1,656 years, may contain generational gaps, which would have been represented by the lengthy lifetimes attributed to the patriarchs.[8] Nineteenth-century critic Vincent Goehlert suggests the lifetimes "represented epochs merely, to which were given the names of the personages especially prominent in such epochs, who, in consequence of their comparatively long lives, were able to acquire an exalted influence."[9]

Those biblical scholars that teach literal interpretation give explanations for the advanced ages of the early patriarchs. In one view, man was originally to have everlasting life, but as sin was introduced into the world by Adam,[10] its influence became greater with each generation and God progressively shortened man's life.[11] In a second view, before Noah's flood, a "firmament" over the earth (Genesis 1:6–8) contributed to people's advanced ages.[12]

Biblical longevity
Name Age LXX
Methuselah 969 969
Jared 962 962
Noah 950 950
Adam 930 930
Seth 912 912
Kenan 910 910
Enos 905 905
Mahalalel 895 895
Lamech 777 753
Shem 600 600
Eber 464 404
Cainan — 460
Arpachshad 438 465
Salah 433 466
Enoch 365 365
Peleg 239 339
Reu 239 339
Serug 230 330
Job 210? 210?
Terah 205 205
Isaac 180 180
Abraham 175 175
Nahor 148 304
Jacob 147 147
Esau 147? 147?
Ishmael 137 137
Levi 137 137
Amram 137 137
Kohath 133 133
Laban 130+ 130+
Deborah 130+ 130+
Jehoiada 130 130
Sarah 127 127
Miriam 125+ 125+
Aaron 123 123
Rebecca 120+ 120+
Moses 120 120
Joseph 110 110
Joshua 110 110

Abraham's wife Sarah is the only woman in the Old Testament whose age is given. She was 127 (Genesis 23:1).

Christianity[edit]

  • Around 1912, the Maharishi of Kailas was said by missionary Sadhu Sundar Singh to be an over-300-year-old Christian hermit in a Himalayan mountain cave with whom he spent some time in deep fellowship. Singh said the Maharishi was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and baptized by the nephew of St. Francis Xavier.[13]
  • Scolastica Oliveri is said to have lived in Bivona, Italy, 1448–1578 (age 129/130), according to the archive of Monastero di San Paolo in Bivona located in Palermo.[14]

Falun Gong[edit]

Chapter 2 of Falun Gong by Li Hongzhi (2001) states, "A person in Japan named Mitsu Taira lived to be 242 years old. During the Tang Dynasty in our country, there was a monk called Hui Zhao [慧昭, 526–815[15]] who lived to be 290 [288/289] years old. According to the county annals of Yong Tai in Fujian Province, Chen Jun [陈俊] was born in the first year of Zhong He time (881 AD) under the reign of Emperor Xi Zong during the Tang Dynasty. He died in the Tai Ding time of the Yuan Dynasty (1324 AD), after living for 444 years."[16]

Hinduism[edit]

Like Methuselah in Judaism, Bhishma among the Hindus is believed to have lived to a very advanced age and is a metaphor for immortality. His life spans four generations and considering that he fought for his great-nephews in the Mahabharata War who were themselves in their 70s and 80s, it is estimated that Bhishma must have been between 130 and 370 years old at the time of his death.

Islam[edit]

According to 19th-century scholars, Abdul Azziz al-Hafeed al-Habashi (عبد العزيزالحبشي) lived 673/674 Gregorian years or 694/695 Islamic years, from 581–1276 of the Hijra.[23]

In Twelver Shiism, Muhammad al-Mahdi is believed to currently be in hiding (Major Occultation) and still alive.[24]

Jainism[edit]

Extreme lifespans are ascribed to the Tirthankaras, for instance, Neminatha was said to have lived for over 10,000 years before his ascension, Naminatha was said to have lived for over 20,000 years before his ascension, Munisuvrata was said to have lived for over 30,000 years before his ascension, Māllīnātha was said to have lived for over 56,000 years before his ascension, Aranatha was said to have lived for over 84,000 years before his ascension, Kunthunatha was said to have lived for over 200,000 years before his ascension, and Shantinatha was said to have lived even for over 800,000 years before his ascension.[25]

Theosophy/New Age[edit]

Ancient extreme longevity claims[edit]

These include claims prior to approximately 150 CE, before the fall of the Roman empire.

China[edit]

  • Fu Xi (伏羲) was supposed to have lived for 197 years.[28]
  • Lucian wrote about the "Seres" (a Chinese people), claiming they lived for over 300 years.
  • Zuo Ci who lived during the Three Kingdoms Period was said to have lived for 300 years.
  • In Chinese legend, Peng Zu was believed to have lived for over 800 years[29] during the Yin Dynasty (殷朝, 16th to 11th centuries BC).

Greece[edit]

A book Macrobii ("Long-livers") is a work devoted to longevity. It was attributed to the ancient Greek author Lucian, although it is now accepted that he could not have written it. Most examples given in it are lifespans of 80 to 100 years, but some are much longer:

  • Tiresias, the blind seer of Thebes, over 600 years.
  • Nestor lived over 300 years.
  • Members of the "Seres" over 300 years.

Japan[edit]

A woodblock print of Emperor Jimmu, part of Famous Generals of Japan by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi

Some early emperors of Japan ruled for more than a century, according to the tradition documented in the Kojiki, viz., Emperor Jimmu and Emperor Kōan.

  • Emperor Jimmu (traditionally, 13 February 711 BC – 11 March 585 BC) lived 126 years according to the Kojiki. These dates correspond to 126 years, 27 days, on the proleptic Julian and Gregorian calendars. However, the form of his posthumous name suggests that it was invented in the reign of Kanmu (782–806),[30] or possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the Yamato dynasty were compiled into the Kojiki.

Korea[edit]

  • Taejo of Goguryeo (46/47 – 165) is claimed to have reigned in Korea for 93 years beginning at age 7. After his retirement, the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa give his age at death as 118,[31] while the Book of the Later Han states he died in 121 at age 74.

Persian empire[edit]

The reigns of several shahs in the Shahnameh, an epic poem by Ferdowsi, are given as longer than a century:

Ancient Rome[edit]

In Roman times, Pliny wrote about longevity records from the census carried out in 74 AD under Vespasian. In one region of Italy many people allegedly lived past 100; four were said to be 130, others up to 140. The ancient Greek author Lucian is the presumed author of Macrobii (long-livers), a work devoted to longevity. Most of the examples Lucian gives are what would be regarded as normal long lifespans (80–100 years).

  • Tiresias, the blind seer of Thebes, was alive for over 600 years (Lucian).
  • Nestor lived over 300 years (Lucian).
  • According to one tradition, Epimenides of Crete (7th, 6th centuries BC) lived nearly 300 years.[32]

Sumer[edit]

Age claims for the earliest eight Sumerian kings in the major recension of the Sumerian King List were in units and fractions of shar (3,600 years) and totaled 67 shar or 241,200 years.[33]

In the only ten-king tablet recension of this list three kings (Alalngar, [...]kidunnu, and En-men-dur-ana) are recorded as having reigned 72,000 years together.[8][34] The major recension assigns 43,200 years to the reign of En-men-lu-ana, and 36,000 years each to those of Alalngar and Dumuzid.[33]

Medieval era[edit]

Burma[edit]

  • Billafunda (Siddha) Sayadaw U.Kowida (born in 908).[35]

Poland[edit]

Wales[edit]

  • Welsh bard Llywarch Hen (Heroic Elegies) died c. 500 in the parish of Llanvor, traditionally about age 150.[37]

Modern extreme longevity claims[edit]

This list includes claims of longevity of 130 and older from the 14th century onward.

Name Alleged birthday Death Alleged age Country Notes
and references
Abdel Wali Numan 1865 2007 142  Yemen [38]
Aisha Heddou 1865 Living? 153–154  Morocco [39]
Ajko Omerovitch 1804 1934-12 133–134  Bosnia and Herzegovina [40]
Alhaji Abdu Sikola 1880 2015-04-26 134–135  Nigeria [41]
Ali Al-Alakmi 1871 2018 146–147  Saudi Arabia [42]
Ali bin Abdullah bin Ezab 1866 2006-12-14 159–160  United Arab Emirates [43][44]
Ali Mohammed Hussein 1862 1997 134–135  Lebanon [45]
Anton Pilya 1830 1965 134–135  Russian Empire
 Soviet Union 		[46]
Antisa Khvichava 1880 2012 132  Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Georgia 		[47]
Bashir Al Saalmi 1873 2010 136–137  Oman [48]
Bir Narayan Chaudhary 1856 1998 141–142    Nepal
Details
Reportedly lived to age 142, though he had no birth certificate to authenticate this because such documents did not exist in rural Nepal at the time of his reported birth.[49] However, in 1998 King Birendra of Nepal recognized and honored the elderly resident of the small Tharu village of Aamjhoki in Nepal's Tarai region as the oldest man in the kingdom.[50] His age of 142 was meticulously verified by Nepal's Ministry of Archaeology based on astrological charts made at the time of his birth.[citation needed]
Cécilé Tshibola 1880 2010 129–130  Congo-Kinshasa [51]
Charlie Smith 1842 1979 136–137  United States
Details
[52] Prior to Smith's death, the Guinness Book of World Records had called his claim into question, noting that Smith's marriage certificate from 1910 stated that he was 35 years old at the time, which would make him 104 years old at the time of his death.[53]
Chesten Marchant 1511 1676 164–165  United Kingdom
Details
Said to have been the last monolingual speaker of Cornish, died in 1676 at Gwithian, Cornwall. She is reported to have reached the age of 164 by one source (the claim apparently going back to either William Scawen[54] or, according to Henry Jenner, to William Borlase.)[55]
Colestein Veglin 1260–1261 ? (arrested in 1876) 615  United States
Details
According to the July 20, 1876 edition of The New York Times,[56] a man arrested in Newark, NJ named Colestein Veglin claimed to be 615 years old and to have 6 wives, all living. Following this proclamation, he was taken to an insane asylum for two days.[57]
Dhaqabo Ebba 1853 2015-06-10 161–162  Ethiopia
Details
A farmer fromOromia, Ethiopia who claimed to remember the 1895 Italian invasion of Ethiopia and that at the time he had 2 wives and a son old enough to herd cattle. Prior to his death, he laid claim to the largest extended family in his region and had allegedly seen his great-grandchildren into adulthood. He died at 11:30 pm on 10 May 2015, at the supposed age of 163 years, survived by, among others, an allegedly 128-year-old son, Ahmed Daqabo (b.1886/7). Like most rural Ethiopians, Ebba did not possess a birth certificate and his age cannot, therefore, be verified.[58][59][60]
Mrs. Eckleston 1548 1691 143  United Kingdom
Details
From Philipstown, King's County.[61]
Felix Bocobo 1833-10-3 1963-10-16 130  Philippines [62]
Feroz-ud-Din Mir 1872-03-10 2014-08-29 142  Pakistan [63]
Gabriel Umeh Enemuo 1864 2015-04-28 150–151  Nigeria [64]
Halime Olcay 1874-07-01 Living? 144  Turkey [65][66]
Henry Jenkins 1501 1670-12 168–169  United Kingdom
Details
A brief biography of Henry Jenkins, of Ellerton-on-Swale, Yorkshire, was written by Anne Saville in 1663 based on Jenkins's description, stating birth in 1501; he also claimed to recall the 1513 Battle of Flodden Field.[67] However, Jenkins also testified in 1667, in favor of Charles Anthony in a court case against Calvert Smythson, that he was then only 157–thereabouts.[68] He was born in Bolton-on-Swale,[37] and the date given, 17 May 1500,[69] results in only a 1-year discrepancy with the age of 169 on his monument (he died 8 December 1670).[70]
James Olofintuyi 1844-08-16 Living? 174  Nigeria [71]
Javier Pereira 1789 1955–58 165–169  Colombia
Details
A Zenú Indian from Colombia who was reputedly over 160 years old at the time of his death. Although his death is variously said to have been in 1955, 1956, and 1958, sources all claim that he was born in 1789.[72]
Johanna Ramatse 1883-01-01 2017-05-31 134  South Africa [73]
Jon Andersson 1582-02-18 1729-04-18 147  Sweden [74]
Josefa Molina Lantz 1831-04-30 2006 174–175  Venezuela [75]
Joseph Surrington 1637 1797 159–160  United Kingdom [37]
Khanum Hasno 1877 2013 135–136  Afghanistan [76]
Klayonoh Bleaorplue 1863-03-07 2016-08-02 153  Liberia [77]
Li Ching Yuen 1677 / 1736 1933 196–197 / 255–256  Republic of China
 Qing Dynasty
Details
A New York Times story announced the death on 5 May 1933 in Kai Xian, Sichuan, at the age of 197, of the Republic of China's Li Ching-Yuen (李青云, Li Qing Yun), who claimed to be born in 1736.[78] A Time article noted that "respectful Chinese preferred to think" Li was 150 in 1827 (birth 1677), based on a government congratulatory message, and died at age 256.[79] T'ai chi ch'uan master Da Liu stated that Li learned qigong from a hermit over age 500.[80]
Louisa Truxo 1610 1785 174–175  Argentina
Details
The London Chronicle on 5 September 1785, reported the history of Louisa Truxo, who supposedly lived until the age of 175 years (1610?–1785).[81]
Maftei Pop 1804-06-12 1952-03-15 147  Romania [82]
Margaret Patten 1601–1602 1739 137  United Kingdom [36]
Maritina Vangatala 1879 Living? 139–140  Solomon Islands [83]
Maria Olivia da Silva 1880-02-28 2010-07-08 130  Brazil [84][85][86]
Mohammed bin Masoud 1861 2014-02-27 152–153  Oman [87]
Mohammed bin Zarei 1858–1859 2013 153–155  Saudi Arabia [88]
Moloko Temo 1874-07-04 2009-09-03 135  South Africa [89]
Mubarak Rahmani Messe 1874 2014-01-11 140  Algeria
Details
Died in 2014, allegedly at 140 years of age, in El Oued Province, Algeria, and was survived by 100 grandsons. According to family members, Rahmani had spent much of his early life in the Algerian Desert and later held various challenging occupations, including in construction, farming and herding. He was hospitalised for the first time in 2012, with a stomach complaint. His diet, referred to as "natural", consisted largely of dates, wheat flour, sheep's milk, and green tea.[90]
Mzee Barnabas Kiptanui Arap Rop 1879 2012-03-08 132–133  Kenya [91]
Ntame Zambezi 1880 2011-07-13 131–130  Botswana [92]
Omar Abas 1857-09-26 2002-09-1/14 144  Malaysia [93][94][95][96]
Opanyin Kwaku Addae 1851-12-25 2011 159–160  Ghana [97]
Pa Aki Onoforere 1839 2009 169–170  Nigeria [98]
Peter Czartan 1539 1724 184  Hungary
Details
Netherlands envoy Hamelbraning reported in 1724 of the death in Rofrosh, Hungary, on January 5 of Peter Czartan, reportedly born 1539 and age 184.[37] Charles Hulbert, who reported Czartan's case in an 1825 collection, added that John (172) and his wife Sara[99] (164) both died in Hungary in 1741 after 148 years of marriage.[37] The Book Validation of Exceptional Longevity has the old couples last name as Rowin,[99] while The Virgin Birth And The Incarnation puts John and Sara's married name as Rovin.[37]
Peter Torton 1539 1724 185  United Kingdom [36]
Sarhat Rashidova 1875 2007 131  Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Azerbaijan
Shirali Muslimov 1805-03-26 1973-09-02 168  Azerbaijan
 Soviet Union
Details
An Azerbaijani[100] shepherd with Talysh ethnicity from the village of Barzavu in the Lerik region of Azerbaijan, a mountainous area near the Iranian border. He claimed to be the oldest person who ever lived when he died on September 2, 1973 at the alleged age of 168 years, 162 days, based solely on a passport. National Geographic carried the claim.[101] The oldest woman in the USSR according to the Novosti Press Agency was supposed to have been Ashura Omarova from Daghestan, aged 195.[102][103]
Sylvester Magee 1841-05-29 1971-10-15 130  United States [104]
Thomas Cam 1381 1588 207  United Kingdom
Details
The Shoreditch burial register for 28 January 1588 reads "Aged 207 years. Holywell Street. Thomas Cam"[105]–"Carn", which supplied a traditional birth year of 1381.[37] According to Old and New London, "the 2 should probably be 1".[105] Chapter 2 of Falun Gong by Li Hongzhi (2001) states, "According to records, there was a person in Britain named Femcath who lived for 207 years."[16]
Thomas Damme 1494–1495 1649 154  United Kingdom
Details
The parish registers of Church Minshull, in the county of Chester, state, "1649 Thomas Damme of Leighton. Buried the 20th of February, being of the age of Seven-score and fourteen" (154 years), signed by vicar T. Holford and wardens T. Kennerly and John Warburton.[37]
Thomas Parr 1482–1483 1635 152  United Kingdom
Details
The case as recorded in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. William Harvey carried out a postmortem on him, according to Easton. Parr is buried in Westminster Abbey with his alleged age on the gravestone.
Thomas Newman 1388–1389 1542 153  United Kingdom
Details
A tombstone in Brislington, Bristol, reads, "1542 THOMAS NEWMAN AGED 153 This Stone was new faced in the Year 1771 to Perpetuate the Great Age of the Deceased."[106]
Turinah 1853-06-07 2012-06-07 159  Indonesia
 Dutch East Indies 		[107][108][109]
Tuti Yusupova 1880-07-01 2015-03-28 134  Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
 Uzbekistan 		[110]
Waebido Ayohayi 1886 Living? 132–133  Thailand (RTGS from Thai: แวบีเดาะ อาเยาะหะยี) (born 1886)[111][112][113]
William Edwards 1499–1500 1668-02-24 168  United Kingdom
Details
A tombstone in Cachen churchyard near Cardiff, Glamorganshire, read, "Heare lieth the body of WILLIAM EDWARDS, of the Cairey, who departed this life the 24th of February, Anno Domini 1668, anno aetatis suae one hundred and sixty-eight".[37]
William Hotchkiss, M.D. 1754-1755 1895-03-28 140  United States
Details
Known as the "colour doctor" because of his black patients.[114]
Wordu Grace Wamanda 1869-05 2014-10 145  Nigeria [115]

Other[edit]

  • Albrecht von Haller allegedly collected examples of 62 people ages 110–120, 29 ages 120–130, and 15 ages 130–140.[116] Switzerland
  • A 1973 National Geographic article on longevity reported, as a very aged people, the Burusho–Hunza people in the Hunza Valley of the mountains of Pakistan.[101]
  • Swedish death registers contain detailed information on thousands of centenarians going back to 1749; the maximum age at death reported between 1751 and 1800 was 147.[117]
  • Cases of extreme longevity in the United Kingdom were listed by James Easton in 1799, who covered 1712 cases documented between 66 BCE and 1799, the year of publication;[118] Charles Hulbert also edited a book containing a list of cases in 1825.
  • A periodical The Aesculapian Register, written by physicians and published in Philadelphia in 1824, listed a number of cases, including several purported to have lived over 130. The authors said the list was taken from the Dublin Magazine.[119]
  • Deaths officially reported in Russia in 1815 listed 1068 centenarians, including 246 supercentenarians (50 at age 120–155 and one even older).[37] Time magazine considered that, by the Soviet Union, longevity had elevated to a state-supported "Methuselah cult".[120] The USSR insisted on its citizens' unrivaled longevity by claiming 592 people (224 male, 368 female) over age 120 in a 15 January 1959 census[121] and 100 citizens of Russia alone ages 120 to 156 in March 1960.[122] Such later claims were fostered by Georgian-born Joseph Stalin's apparent hope that he would live long past 70.[120] Zhores A. Medvedev, who demonstrated that all 500-plus claims failed birth-record validation and other tests,[120] said Stalin "liked the idea that [other] Georgians lived to be 100".[122]
  • An early 1812 Russian Petersburgh Gazette reports a man between ages 200 and 225 in the diocese of Ekaterinoslaw (now Dnipro, Ukraine).[37]

Practices[edit]

Diets[edit]

The idea that certain diets can lead to extraordinary longevity (ages beyond 130) is not new. In 1909, Élie Metchnikoff believed that drinking goat's milk could confer extraordinary longevity. The Hunza diet, supposedly practiced in an area of northern Pakistan, has been claimed to give people the ability to live to 140 or more.[123] There has been no proof that any diet has led humans to live longer than the genetically-recognized maximum[citation needed] however Caloric restriction diets have increased lifespans of rodents significantly.

Alchemy[edit]

Traditions that have been believed to confer greater human longevity include alchemy.[4]

  • Nicolas Flamel (early 1330s – c. 1418) was a 14th-century scrivener who developed a reputation as alchemist and creator of an "elixir of life" that conferred immortality upon himself and his wife Perenelle. His arcanely inscribed tombstone is preserved at the Musée de Cluny in Paris.
  • Fridericus (Ludovicus) Gualdus (Federico Gualdi), author of "Revelation of the True Chemical Wisdom", lived in Venice in the 1680s. His age was reported in a letter in a contemporary Dutch newspaper to be over 400. By some accounts, when asked about a portrait he carried, he said it was of himself, painted by Titian (who died in 1576), but gave no explanation and left Venice the following morning.[124][125] By another account, Gualdus left Venice due to religious accusations and died in 1724.[126] The "Compass der Weisen" alludes to him as still alive in 1782 and nearly 600 years old.[124]

Fountain of Youth[edit]

Main article: Fountain of Youth

The Fountain of Youth reputedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks of its waters. Herodotus attributes exceptional longevity to a fountain in the land of the Ethiopians.[127] The lore of the Alexander Romance and of Al-Khidr describes such a fountain, and stories about the philosopher's stone, universal panaceas, and the elixir of life are widespread.

After the death of Juan Ponce de León, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés wrote in Historia General y Natural de las Indias (1535) that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of Bimini to cure his aging.[128]

See also[edit]

Gallery[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Ni, Maoshing (2006). Secrets of Longevity. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-4949-4. Chuan xiong ... has long been a key herb in the longevity tradition of China, prized for its powers to boost the immune system, activate blood circulation, and relieve pain.
  2. ^ a b Fulder, Stephen (1983). An End to Ageing: Remedies for Life. Destiny Books. ISBN 978-0-89281-044-4. Taoist devotion to immortality is important to us for two reasons. The techniques may be of considerable value to our goal of a healthy old age, if we can understand and adapt them. Secondly, the Taoist longevity tradition has brought us many interesting remedies.
  3. ^ Number Manipulation for Profit, or Just for Fun? by Paul Y. Hoskisson "Number Manipulation for Profit, or Just for Fun?". maxwellinstitute.byu.edu. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2012.[who?]
  4. ^ a b Kohn, Livia (2001). Daoism and Chinese Culture. Three Pines Press. pp. 4, 84. ISBN 978-1-931483-00-1.
  5. ^ Hill, Carol A. (2003-12-04). "Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis" (PDF). Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith. 55: 239.
  6. ^ Etz, Donald V. (1994). "The Numbers of Genesis V 3–31: A Suggested Conversion and Its Implications". Vetus Testamentum. 43 (2): 171–87. doi:10.1163/156853393X00034.
  7. ^ Morris, Henry M. (1976). The Genesis Record: A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House. p. 159. Such an interpretation would have made Enoch only five years old when his son was born!
  8. ^ a b "Notes on Genesis 5:5". Zondervan NIV Study Bible. 2002. pp. 12–13. Three kings in a Sumerian list (which also contains exactly ten names) are said to have reigned 72,000 years each.
  9. ^ Goehlert, Vincent (November 1887). "Statistical Observations upon Biblical Data". The Old Testament Student. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7 (3): 76–83. doi:10.1086/469948.
  10. ^ Romans 5:12 Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned:
  11. ^ Pilch, John J. (1999). The Cultural Dictionary of the Bible. Liturgical Press. pp. 144–146.
  12. ^ Vail, Isaac Newton (1902). The Waters Above the Firmament: Or The Earth's Annular System. Ferris and Leach. p. 97.
  13. ^ Thompson, Phyllis (2005). Sadhu Sundar Singh: A Biography of the Remarkable Indian Disciple of Jesus. Armour Publishing. pp. 77, 80–3. ISBN 978-981-4138-55-0.
  14. ^ "Scolastica Oliveri".
  15. ^ "慧昭 (526–815)".
  16. ^ a b Li Hongzhi (April 2001). "Falun Gong". Falun Gong (4th trans. ed.). Archived from the original on 2000-01-18.
  17. ^ Daczynski, Vincent J. (2004). "Amazing Longevity: Devraha Baba – 250+ Years Old". Paranormal Phenomenon: Amazing Human Abilities.
  18. ^ a b c McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001). Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams. Oxford University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-19-513435-3.
  19. ^ Varishthananda, Swami (November 2007). "Varanasi: The City of Saints, Sages, and Savants" (PDF). Prabuddha Bharata. 112 (11): 632–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-02.
  20. ^ Medhasananda, Swami (2003). Varanasi At the Crossroads. Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. p. 1042. ISBN 81-87332-18-2.
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Bibliography[edit]

  • Boia, Lucian (2004). Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity from Antiquity to the Present. ISBN 1-86189-154-7.
  • Thoms, William J. (1879). The Longevity of Man. Its Facts and Its Fictions. With a prefatory letter to Prof. Owen, C.B., F.R.S. on the limits and frequency of exceptional cases. London: F. Norgate.
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