Wade–Giles

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Wade–Giles
Chinese威翟式拼音
Wade–GilesWei1 Chai2 Shih4
Pʻin1-yin1
Hanyu PinyinWēi-Zhái Shì Pīnyīn
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese威妥瑪拼音
Simplified Chinese威妥玛拼音
Wade–GilesWei1 Tʻo3-ma3 Pʻin1-yin1
Hanyu PinyinWēi Tuǒmǎ Pīnyīn
Second alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese韋氏拼音
Simplified Chinese韦氏拼音
Wade–GilesWei2 Shih4 Pʻin1-yin1
Hanyu PinyinWéi Shì Pīnyīn
Chinese romanization
Mandarin
Wu
Yue
Southern Min
Eastern Min
Northern Min
Pu-Xian Min
Hainanese
Hakka
Gan
See also

Wade–Giles (/ˌweɪd ˈdʒaɪlz/), sometimes abbreviated Wade,[citation needed] is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Wade, during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with Herbert A. Giles's Chinese–English Dictionary of 1892.

Wade–Giles was the system of transcription in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century. Wade-Giles is based on Beijing dialect, whereas Nanking dialect-based romanization systems were in common use until the late 19th century. Both were used in postal romanizations (still used in some place-names). In mainland China it has been mostly replaced by the Hanyu Pinyin romanization system, with exceptions for some proper nouns. Taiwan has kept the Wade–Giles romanization of some geographical names (for example Kaohsiung) and many personal names (for example Chiang Ching-kuo).

History[edit]

Wade–Giles was developed by Thomas Francis Wade, a scholar of Chinese and a British ambassador in China who was the first professor of Chinese at Cambridge University. Wade published in 1867 the first textbook on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin in English, Yü-yen Tzŭ-erh Chi (simplified Chinese: 语言自迩集; traditional Chinese: 語言自邇集),[1] which became the basis for the romanization system later known as Wade–Giles. The system, designed to transcribe Chinese terms for Chinese specialists, was further refined in 1892 by Herbert Allen Giles (in A Chinese-English Dictionary), a British diplomat in China and his son, Lionel Giles,[citation needed] a curator at the British Museum.[2]

Taiwan has used Wade–Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official romanizations in succession, namely, Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (1986), and Tongyòng Pinyin (2000). With the election of the Kuomintang party in Taiwan in 2008, Taiwan officially switched to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn. However, many people in Taiwan, both native and overseas, use or transcribe their legal names in the Wade–Giles system, as well as the other aforementioned systems.

Singapore has also made limited use of Wade–Giles romanization,[citation needed] such as in the romanization of the middle syllable of Lee Hsien Loong's name.

Initials and finals[edit]

The tables below show the Wade–Giles representation of each Chinese sound (in bold type),[3] together with the corresponding IPA phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations in Zhùyīn Fúhào (Bōpōmōfō) and Hànyǔ Pīnyīn.

Initials[edit]

Bilabial Labiodental Dental/Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-palatal Velar
Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiceless
Nasal m [m]
ㄇ m		 n [n]
ㄋ n
Plosive Unaspirated p [p]
ㄅ b		 t [t]
ㄉ d		 k [k]
ㄍ g
Aspirated pʻ [pʰ]
ㄆ p		 tʻ [tʰ]
ㄊ t		 kʻ [kʰ]
ㄎ k
Affricate Unaspirated ts [ts]
ㄗ z		 ch [ʈʂ]
ㄓ zh		 ch [tɕ]
ㄐ j
Aspirated tsʻ [tsʰ]
ㄘ c		 chʻ [ʈʂʰ]
ㄔ ch		 chʻ [tɕʰ]
ㄑ q
Fricative f [f]
ㄈ f 		s [s]
ㄙ s		 sh [ʂ]
ㄕ sh		 hs [ɕ]
ㄒ x 		h [x]
ㄏ h
Liquid l [l]
ㄌ l		 j [ɻ~ʐ]
ㄖ r

Instead of ts, tsʻ and s, Wade–Giles writes tz, tzʻ and ss before ŭ (see below).

Finals[edit]

Coda
∅ /i/ /u/ /n/ /ŋ/ /ɻ/
Medial ∅ ih/ŭ
[ɨ]
ㄭU+312D.svg -i		 ê/o
[ɤ]
ㄜ e		 a
[a]
ㄚ a 		ei
[ei]
ㄟ ei		 ai
[ai]
ㄞ ai 		ou
[ou]
ㄡ ou		 ao
[au]
ㄠ ao 		ên
[ən]
ㄣ en		 an
[an]
ㄢ an 		ung
[ʊŋ]
ㄨㄥ ong		 êng
[əŋ]
ㄥ eng		 ang
[aŋ]
ㄤ ang 		êrh
[aɚ̯]
ㄦ er
/j/ i
[i]
ㄧ i		 ieh
[je]
ㄧㄝ ie		 ia
[ja]
ㄧㄚ ia 		iu
[jou]
ㄧㄡ iu		 iao
[jau]
ㄧㄠ iao 		in
[in]
ㄧㄣ in		 ien
[jɛn]
ㄧㄢ ian 		iung
[jʊŋ]
ㄩㄥ iong		 ing
[iŋ]
ㄧㄥ ing		 iang
[jaŋ]
ㄧㄤ iang
/w/ u
[u]
ㄨ u		 o/uo
[wo]
ㄛ/ㄨㄛ o/uo		 ua
[wa]
ㄨㄚ ua		 ui/uei
[wei]
ㄨㄟ ui		 uai
[wai]
ㄨㄞ uai 		un
[wən]
ㄨㄣ un		 uan
[wan]
ㄨㄢ uan 		uang
[waŋ]
ㄨㄤ uang
/ɥ/ ü
[y]
ㄩ ü		 üeh
[ɥe]
ㄩㄝ üe		 ün
[yn]
ㄩㄣ ün		 üan
[ɥɛn]
ㄩㄢ üan

Wade–Giles writes -uei after kʻ and k, otherwise -ui: kʻuei, kuei, hui, shui, chʻui.

It writes [-ɤ] as -o after kʻ, k and h, otherwise as -ê: kʻo, ko, ho, shê, chʻê. When [ɤ] forms a syllable on its own, it is written ê or o depending on the character.

Wade–Giles writes [-wo] as -uo after kʻ, k, h and sh, otherwise as -o: kʻuo, kuo, huo, shuo, chʻo.

For -ih and -ŭ, see below.

Giles's A Chinese-English Dictionary also includes the syllables chio, chʻio, hsio, yo, which are now pronounced like chüeh, chʻüeh, hsüeh, yüeh.

Syllables that begin with a medial[edit]

Coda
∅ /i/ /u/ /n/ /ŋ/
Medial /j/ i/yi
[i]
ㄧ yi		 yeh
[je]
ㄧㄝ ye		 ya
[ja]
ㄧㄚ ya 		yai
[jai]
ㄧㄞ yai 		yu
[jou]
ㄧㄡ you		 yao
[jau]
ㄧㄠ yao 		yin
[in]
ㄧㄣ yin		 yen
[jɛn]
ㄧㄢ yan 		yung
[jʊŋ]
ㄩㄥ yong		 ying
[iŋ]
ㄧㄥ ying		 yang
[jaŋ]
ㄧㄤ yang
/w/ wu
[u]
ㄨ wu		 wo
[wo]
ㄨㄛ wo		 wa
[wa]
ㄨㄚ wa 		wei
[wei]
ㄨㄟ wei		 wai
[wai]
ㄨㄞ wai 		wên
[wən]
ㄨㄣ wen		 wan
[wan]
ㄨㄢ wan 		wêng
[wəŋ]
ㄨㄥ weng		 wang
[waŋ]
ㄨㄤ wang
/ɥ/ yü
[y]
ㄩ yu		 yüeh
[ɥe]
ㄩㄝ yue		 yün
[yn]
ㄩㄣ yun		 yüan
[ɥɛn]
ㄩㄢ yuan

Wade–Giles writes the syllable [i] as i or yi depending on the character.

System features[edit]

Consonants and initial symbols[edit]

A feature of the Wade–Giles system is the representation of the unaspirated-aspirated stop consonant pairs using left apostrophes: p, pʻ, t, tʻ, k, kʻ, ch, chʻ. The use of apostrophes preserves b, d, g, and j for the romanization of Chinese varieties containing voiced consonants, such as Shanghainese (which has a full set of voiced consonants) and Min Nan (Hō-ló-oē) whose century-old Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ, often called Missionary Romanization) is similar to Wade–Giles. POJ, Legge romanization, Simplified Wade, and EFEO Chinese transcription use the letter ⟨h⟩ instead of an apostrophe to indicate aspiration (this is similar to the obsolete IPA convention before the revisions of the 1970s). The convention of an apostrophe or ⟨h⟩ to denote aspiration is also found in romanizations of other Asian languages, such as McCune–Reischauer for Korean and ISO 11940 for Thai.

People unfamiliar with Wade–Giles often ignore the apostrophes, sometimes omitting them when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hànyǔ Pīnyīn addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops: b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch.

Partly because of the popular omission of the apostrophe, the four sounds represented in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn by j, q, zh, and ch often all become ch, including in many proper names. However, if the apostrophes are kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap:

  • The non-retroflex ch (Pīnyīn j) and chʻ (Pīnyīn q) are always before either ü or i, but never ih.
  • The retroflex ch (Pīnyīn zh) and chʻ (Pīnyīn ch) are always before ih, a, ê, e, o, or u.

Vowels and final symbols[edit]

Syllabic consonants[edit]

Like Yale and Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II, Wade–Giles renders the two types of syllabic consonant (simplified Chinese: 空韵; traditional Chinese: 空韻; Wade–Giles: kʻung1-yün4; Hànyǔ Pīnyīn: kōngyùn) differently:

  • -ŭ is used after the sibilants written in this position (and this position only) as tz, tzʻ and ss (Pīnyīn z, c and s).
  • -ih is used after the retroflex ch, chʻ, sh, and j (Pīnyīn zh, ch, sh, and r).

These finals are both written as -ih in Tongyòng Pinyin, as -i in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (hence distinguishable only by the initial from [i] as in li), and as -y in Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Simplified Wade. They are typically omitted in Zhùyīn (Bōpōmōfō).

IPA ʈ͡ʂɻ̩ ʈ͡ʂʰɻ̩ ʂɻ̩ ɻɻ̩ t͡sɹ̩ t͡sʰɹ̩ sɹ̩
Yale jr chr shr r dz tsz sz
MPS II jr chr shr r tz tsz sz
Wade–Giles chih chʻih shih jih tzŭ tzʻŭ ssŭ
Tongyòng Pinyin jhih chih shih rih zih cih sih
Hànyǔ Pīnyīn zhi chi shi ri zi ci si
Gwoyeu Romatzyh jy chy shy ry tzy tsy sy
Simplified Wade chy chhy shy ry tsy tshy sy
Zhùyīn ㄓ ㄔ ㄕ ㄖ ㄗ ㄘ ㄙ

Vowel o[edit]

Final o in Wade–Giles has two pronunciations in modern Mandarin: [wo] and [ɤ].

What is pronounced today as a close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ] is written usually as ê, but sometimes as o, depending on historical pronunciation (at the time Wade–Giles was developed). Specifically, after velar initials k, kʻ and h (and a historical ng, which had been dropped by the time Wade–Giles was developed), o is used; for example, "哥" is ko1 (Pīnyīn gē) and "刻" is kʻo4[4] (Pīnyīn kè). By modern Mandarin, o after velars (and what used to be ng) have shifted to [ɤ], thus they are written as ge, ke, he and e in Pīnyīn. When [ɤ] forms a syllable on its own, Wade–Giles writes ê or o depending on the character. In all other circumstances, it writes ê.

What is pronounced today as [wo] is usually written as o in Wade–Giles, except for wo, shuo (e.g. "說" shuo1) and the three syllables of kuo, kʻuo, and huo (as in 過, 霍, etc.), which contrast with ko, kʻo, and ho that correspond to Pīnyīn ge, ke, and he. This is because characters like 羅, 多, etc. (Wade–Giles: lo2, to1; Pīnyīn: luó, duō) did not originally carry the medial [w]. By modern Mandarin, the phonemic distinction between o and -uo/wo has been lost (except in interjections when used alone), and the medial [w] is added in front of -o, creating the modern [wo].

IPA pwo pʰwo mwo fwo two tʰwo nwo lwo kɤ kʰɤ xɤ ʈ͡ʂwo ʈ͡ʂʰwo ʐwo t͡swo t͡sʰwo swo ɤ wo
Wade–Giles po pʻo mo fo to tʻo no lo ko kʻo ho cho chʻo jo tso tsʻo so o/ê wo
Zhùyīn ㄅㄛ ㄆㄛ ㄇㄛ ㄈㄛ ㄉㄨㄛ ㄊㄨㄛ ㄋㄨㄛ ㄌㄨㄛ ㄍㄜ ㄎㄜ ㄏㄜ ㄓㄨㄛ ㄔㄨㄛ ㄖㄨㄛ ㄗㄨㄛ ㄘㄨㄛ ㄙㄨㄛ ㄜ ㄨㄛ
Pīnyīn bo po mo fo duo tuo nuo luo ge ke he zhuo chuo ruo zuo cuo suo e wo

Note that Zhùyīn and Pīnyīn write [wo] as ㄛ -o after ㄅ b, ㄆ p, ㄇ m and ㄈ f, and as ㄨㄛ -uo after all other initials.

Tones[edit]

Tones are indicated in Wade–Giles using superscript numbers (1–4) placed after the syllable. This contrasts with the use of diacritics to represent the tones in Pīnyīn. For example, the Pīnyīn qiàn (fourth tone) has the Wade–Giles equivalent chʻien4.

Tone Sample text

(s; t; lit)

Hanyu pinyin Wade–Giles
1. high 妈; 媽; "mom" mā ma1
2. rising 麻; "hemp"[a] má ma2
3. low (dipping) 碼; "digit, code"[b] mǎ ma3
4. falling 骂; 罵; "scold" mà ma4
5. neutral[c] 吗; 嗎; (interrogative) ma ma


  1. ^ Simplified and traditional characters are the same
  2. ^ Simplified and traditional characters are the same
  3. ^ See neutral tone for more.

Punctuation[edit]

Wade–Giles uses hyphens to separate all syllables within a word (whereas Pīnyīn separates syllables only in specially defined cases, using hyphens or right apostrophes as appropriate).

If a syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not capitalized, even if it is part of a proper noun. The use of apostrophes, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in place names and personal names. For example, the majority of overseas Taiwanese write their given names like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade–Giles is actually "Tai-lun". (See also Chinese name.)

Comparison with other systems[edit]

Pīnyīn[edit]

  • Wade–Giles chose the French-like j (implying a sound like IPA's [ʒ]) to represent a Northern Mandarin pronunciation of what is represented as r in Pīnyīn.
  • Ü always has an umlaut above, while Pīnyīn only employs it in the cases of nü, nüe, lü, lüe and lüan, while leaving it out after j, q, x and y as a simplification because u cannot otherwise appear after those letters. Because yü (as in 玉 "jade") must have an umlaut in Wade–Giles, the umlaut-less yu in Wade–Giles is freed up for what corresponds to you (有) in Pinyin.
  • The Pīnyīn cluster -ong is -ung in Wade–Giles. (Compare kung1-fu to gōngfu as an example.)
  • After a consonant, both Wade–Giles and Pīnyīn use -iu and -un instead of the complete syllables: -iou and -uên/-uen.

Chart[edit]

Vowels a, e, o
IPA a ɔ ɛ ɤ ai ei au ou an ən aŋ əŋ ʊŋ aɚ
Pinyin a o ê e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong er
Tongyong Pinyin e e
Wade–Giles eh ê/o ên êng ung êrh
Bopomofo ㄚ ㄛ ㄝ ㄜ ㄞ ㄟ ㄠ ㄡ ㄢ ㄣ ㄤ ㄥ ㄨㄥ ㄦ
example 阿 哦 唄 俄 艾 黑 凹 偶 安 恩 昂 冷 中 二
Vowels i, u, y
IPA i je jou jɛn in iŋ jʊŋ u wo wei wən wəŋ y ɥe ɥɛn yn
Pinyin yi ye you yan yin ying yong wu wo/o wei wen weng yu yue yuan yun
Tongyong Pinyin wun wong
Wade–Giles i/yi yeh yu yen yung wên wêng yü yüeh yüan yün
Bopomofo ㄧ ㄧㄝ ㄧㄡ ㄧㄢ ㄧㄣ ㄧㄥ ㄩㄥ ㄨ ㄨㄛ/ㄛ ㄨㄟ ㄨㄣ ㄨㄥ ㄩ ㄩㄝ ㄩㄢ ㄩㄣ
example 一 也 又 言 音 英 用 五 我 位 文 翁 玉 月 元 云
Non-sibilant consonants
IPA p pʰ m fəŋ tjou twei twən tʰɤ ny ly kɤɚ kʰɤ xɤ
Pinyin b p m feng diu dui dun te nü lü ger ke he
Tongyong Pinyin fong diou duei nyu lyu
Wade–Giles p pʻ fêng tiu tui tun tʻê nü lü kor kʻo ho
Bopomofo ㄅ ㄆ ㄇ ㄈㄥ ㄉㄧㄡ ㄉㄨㄟ ㄉㄨㄣ ㄊㄜ ㄋㄩ ㄌㄩ ㄍㄜㄦ ㄎㄜ ㄏㄜ
example 玻 婆 末 封 丟 兌 頓 特 女 旅 歌兒 可 何
Sibilant consonants
IPA tɕjɛn tɕjʊŋ tɕʰin ɕɥɛn ʈʂɤ ʈʂɨ ʈʂʰɤ ʈʂʰɨ ʂɤ ʂɨ ɻɤ ɻɨ tsɤ tswo tsɨ tsʰɤ tsʰɨ sɤ sɨ
Pinyin jian jiong qin xuan zhe zhi che chi she shi re ri ze zuo zi ce ci se si
Tongyong Pinyin jyong cin syuan jhe jhih chih shih rih zih cih sih
Wade–Giles chien chiung chʻin hsüan chê chih chʻê chʻih shê shih jê jih tsê tso tzŭ tsʻê tzʻŭ sê ssŭ
Bopomofo ㄐㄧㄢ ㄐㄩㄥ ㄑㄧㄣ ㄒㄩㄢ ㄓㄜ ㄓ ㄔㄜ ㄔ ㄕㄜ ㄕ ㄖㄜ ㄖ ㄗㄜ ㄗㄨㄛ ㄗ ㄘㄜ ㄘ ㄙㄜ ㄙ
example 件 窘 秦 宣 哲 之 扯 赤 社 是 惹 日 仄 左 字 策 次 色 斯
Tones
IPA ma˥˥ ma˧˥ ma˨˩˦ ma˥˩ ma
Pinyin mā má mǎ mà ma
Tongyong Pinyin ma må
Wade–Giles ma1 ma2 ma3 ma4 ma
Bopomofo ㄇㄚ ㄇㄚˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄇㄚˋ ˙ㄇㄚ
example (Chinese characters) 媽 麻 馬 罵 嗎

Note: In Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, the so-called neutral tone is written leaving the syllable with no diacritic mark at all. In Tongyòng Pinyin, a ring is written over the vowel.

Adaptations[edit]

There are several adaptations of Wade–Giles.

Mathews[edit]

The Romanization system used in the 1943 edition of Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary differs from Wade–Giles in the following ways:[5]

  • It uses the right apostrophe: pʼ, tʼ, kʼ, chʼ, tsʼ, tzʼŭ; while Wade–Giles uses the left apostrophe, similar to the aspiration diacritic used in the International Phonetic Alphabet before the revisions of the 1970s: pʻ, tʻ, kʻ, chʻ, tsʻ, tzʻŭ.
  • It consistently uses i for the syllable [i], while Wade–Giles uses i or yi depending on the character.
  • It uses o for the syllable [ɤ], while Wade–Giles uses ê or o depending on the character.
  • It offers the choice between ssŭ and szŭ, while Wade–Giles requires ssŭ.
  • It does not use the spellings chio, chʻio, hsio, yo, replacing them with chüeh, chʻüeh, hsüeh, yüeh in accordance with their modern pronunciations.
  • It uses an underscored 3 to denote a second tone which comes from an original third tone, but only if the following syllable has the neutral tone and the tone sandhi is therefore not predictable: hsiao3•chieh.
  • It denotes the neutral tone by placing a dot (if the neutral tone is compulsory) or a circle (if the neutral tone is optional) before the syllable. The dot or circle replaces the hyphen.

Table[edit]

Main article: Wade–Giles table

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kaske, Elisabeth (2008). The Politics of Language in Chinese Education: 1895 - 1919. BRILL. p. 68. ISBN 90-04-16367-0.
  2. ^ "Chinese Language Transliteration Systems – Wade–Giles". UCLA film and television archive. Archived from the original on 2007-01-28. Retrieved 2007-08-04. (Web archive)
  3. ^ A Chinese-English Dictionary.
  4. ^ A Chinese-English Dictionary, p. 761.
  5. ^ Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary.

External links[edit]

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