Kurma Purana
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The Kurma Purana (IAST: KūrmaPurāṇa) is one of the eighteen Mahapuranas, and a medieval era Vaishnavism text of Hinduism.[1][2] The text is named after the tortoise avatar of Vishnu.[3][4]
The manuscripts of Kurma Purana have survived into the modern era in many versions.[5][6][7] The number of chapters vary with regional manuscripts, and the critical edition of the Kurma Purana has 95 chapters.[8] Tradition believes that the Kurma Purana text had 17,000 verses, the extant manuscripts have about 6,000 verses.[9]
The text, states Ludo Rocher, is the most interesting of all the Puranas in its discussion of religious ideas, because while it is a Vaishnavism text, Vishnu does not dominate the text.[10] Instead, the text covers and expresses reverence for Vishnu, Shiva and Shakti with equal enthusiasm.[10][11] The Kurma Purana, like other Puranas, includes legends, mythology, geography, Tirtha (pilgrimage), theology and a philosophical Gita. The notable aspect of its Gita, also called the Ishvaragita, is that it is Shiva who presents ideas similar to those found in the Bhagavad Gita.[10][12]
Contents
Date[edit]
The original core of the text may have been composed about the start of the 8th-century CE, and revised thereafter over the centuries.[2]
The Kurma Purana, like all Puranas, has a complicated chronology. Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:[13]
As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. (...) It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly.
— Cornelia Dimmitt and J.A.B. van Buitenen, Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas[13]
Structure[edit]
The Kurma Purana exists in many versions, but all of them consist of two parts - the Purva-vibhaga (older part) and Upari-vibhaga (upper part).[8] The number of chapters vary with the manuscripts.[8] The critical edition of the different manuscripts contains fifty one chapters in Purva-vibhaga and forty four in Upari-vibhaga.[8]
The Padma Purana categorizes Kurma Purana as a Tamas Purana.[14] Scholars consider the Sattva-Rajas-Tamas classification as "entirely fanciful" and there is nothing in this text that actually justifies this classification.[15]
Contents[edit]
Kurma is, states Rocher, the most interesting religion-themed Purana, because even though it is named after one of the Vishnu avatar, it actually contains a combination of Vishnu and Shiva related legends, mythology, Tirtha (pilgrimage) and theology.[10] The stories are similar to those found in the other Puranas, but neither Vishnu nor Shiva dominate the text.[10] The text presents a tour guide to medieval Varanasi (also known as the holy city of Banaras or Kashi), but mostly about the Shaiva sites, while elsewhere Pancaratra stories present Vishnu prominently but with Sri as the Supreme Shakti who is energy and power of all gods including Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma.[10]
The Kurma Purana, like other Puranas, includes a philosophical Gita.[10] It is titled Ishvaragita, and its eleven chapters are an adaptation of Bhagavad Gita in a Shiva-as-spokesman format.[10] These eleven chapters are in the Uttaravibhāga.[12]
The Ishvara-gita borrows and refers to the Bhagavad Gita as well as Upanishads such as the Katha Upanishad and Shvetashvatara Upanishad.[10] It presents yoga and vrata like the Bhagavad Gita, but as a discourse from Shiva. The discourse begins after Vishnu and Shiva give a hug to each other, according to the text, and then Vishnu invites Shiva to explain the nature of the world, life and self. Shiva explains Atman (soul, self), Brahman-Purusha, Prakriti, Maya, Yoga and Moksha.[2] The philosophical theme, states Rocher is built on Advaita Vedanta ideas, that is emphasizing the identity of the Atman (individual soul) and the Ultimate Reality concept of Brahman.[2] The text is notable for asserting that anyone from any varna can achieve liberation through Bhakti yoga.[2]
The Nārada Purāṇa (I.106. 1-22) gives a brief overview of the sections of the Kurma Purana, along with summaries of other Puranas.[16]
References[edit]
- ^ Dalal 2014, p. 460.
- ^ a b c d e Rocher 1986, p. 186.
- ^ Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012, p. 63, 74.
- ^ Bryant 2007, p. 18 note 25.
- ^ Rocher 1986, pp. 18, 184-186.
- ^ Wilson 1864, pp. xxxiv-xxxv.
- ^ Gregory Bailey (2003). Arvind Sharma, ed. The Study of Hinduism. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-1-57003-449-7.
- ^ a b c d Rocher 1986, p. 184.
- ^ K P Gietz 1992, p. 500 with note 2778.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rocher 1986, p. 185.
- ^ K P Gietz 1992, p. 903 with note 5221.
- ^ a b Nicholson, Andrew J. (2014). Lord Śiva's Song: The Īśvara Gītā. State University of New York Press. p. 3.
- ^ a b Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012, p. 5.
- ^ Wilson 1864, pp. xii.
- ^ Rocher 1986, p. 21.
- ^ Hazra, R.C. (1962). The Puranas in S. Radhakrishnan ed. The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol.II, Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, ISBN 81-85843-03-1, p.259
Bibliography[edit]
- Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803400-1.
- Dimmitt, Cornelia; van Buitenen, J. A. B. (2012). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977). ISBN 978-1-4399-0464-0.
- Dalal, Rosen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin. ISBN 978-8184752779.
- K P Gietz; et al. (1992). Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03028-1.
- Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447025225.
- Wilson, H. H. (1864). The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 1: Introduction, Book I). Read Country Books (reprinted in 2006). ISBN 1-84664-664-2.
Further reading[edit]
- Mani, Vettam. Puranic Encyclopedia. 1st English ed. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975.
