Episteme
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"Episteme" is a philosophical term derived from the Ancient Greek word ἐπιστήμη epistēmē, which can refer to knowledge, science or understanding, and which comes from the verb ἐπίστασθαι, meaning "to know, to understand, or to be acquainted with".[1]
Plato contrasts episteme with "doxa":[2] common belief or opinion. Episteme is also distinguished from "techne":[3] a craft or applied practice. The word "epistemology" is derived from episteme.
Contents
Western philosophy[edit]
Michel Foucault[edit]
The French philosopher Michel Foucault used the term épistémè in a specialized sense in his work The Order of Things to mean the historical, but non-temporal, a priori which grounds knowledge and its discourses and thus represents the condition of their possibility within a particular epoch.
In subsequent writings, he made it clear that several épistémè may co-exist and interact at the same time, being parts of various power-knowledge systems. But he did not discard the concept:
I would define the episteme retrospectively as the strategic apparatus which permits of separating out from among all the statements which are possible those that will be acceptable within, I won’t say a scientific theory, but a field of scientificity, and which it is possible to say are true or false. The episteme is the ‘apparatus’ which makes possible the separation, not of the true from the false, but of what may from what may not be characterised as scientific.[4]
Yet in Foucault's The Order of Things he describes épistémè as:
However, if in any given culture and at any given moment, there is always only one episteme that defines the conditions of possibility of all knowledge, whether expressed in a theory or silently invested in a practice. (Foucault, 168)
Relation of the Foucaultian épistémè to Kuhn's paradigm[edit]
Foucault's use of épistémè has been asserted as being similar to Thomas Kuhn's notion of a paradigm, as for example by Jean Piaget.[5] However, there are decisive differences.
Whereas Kuhn's paradigm is an all-encompassing collection of beliefs and assumptions that result in the organization of scientific worldviews and practices, Foucault's episteme is not merely confined to science but to a wider range of discourse (all of science itself would fall under the episteme of the epoch).
Kuhn's paradigm shifts are a consequence of a series of conscious decisions made by scientists to pursue a neglected set of questions. Foucault's episteme is something like the 'epistemological unconscious' of an era; the resultant configuration of knowledge of a particular episteme is, to Foucault, based on a set of primordial, fundamental assumptions that are so basic to the episteme that they're experientially "invisible" to the constituents (such as people, organizations, or systems) operating within the episteme.
Moreover, Kuhn's concept corresponds to what Foucault calls theme or theory of a science, but Foucault analyzed how opposing theories and themes could co-exist within a science.[6] Kuhn doesn't search for the conditions of possibility of opposing discourses within a science, but simply for the invariant dominant paradigm governing scientific research (supposing that one paradigm always is pervading, except under paradigmatic transition).
Foucault attempts to demonstrate the constitutive limits of discourse, and in particular, the rules enabling their productivity; however, Foucault maintained that though ideology may infiltrate and form science, it need not do so: it must be demonstrated how ideology actually forms the science in question; contradictions and lack of objectivity is not an indicator of ideology.[7]
"Truth is a thing of this world: it is produced only by virtue of multiple forms of constraint. And it induces regular effects of power. Each society has its regime of truth, its "general politics” of truth: that is, the types of discourse which it accepts and makes function as true; the mechanisms and instances which enable one to distinguish true and false statements, the means by which each is sanctioned; the techniques and procedures accorded value in the acquisition of truth; the status of those who are charged with saying what counts as true." [8][9]
Kuhn's and Foucault's notions are possibly influenced by the French philosopher of science Gaston Bachelard's notion of an "epistemological rupture", as indeed was Althusser.[citation needed]
Judith Butler[edit]
In 1997, Judith Butler used the concept of episteme in her book Excitable Speech, examining the use of speech-act theory for political purposes.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ ἐπιστήμη, ἐπίστασθαι. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ δόξα in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ τέχνη in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Foucault, Michel (1980), Power/Knowledge, p. 197.
- ^ Piaget, Jean (1970) [1968], Structuralism, p. 132.
- ^ Foucault 1969, ch. II.IV.
- ^ Foucault 1969, ch. IV.VI.c.
- ^ Foucault, M. (1980): ‘Truth and Power’. In C. Gordon (ed.): Power/Knowledge. Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972-1977 by Michel Foucault, Brighton: Havester, pp. 109- 133.
- ^ Rabinow, Paul (editor) The Foucault Reader: An introduction to Foucault’s thought. (1991) London, Penguin. 400 pages, ISBN 0140124861
References[edit]
- Foucault, Michel (1980) [1969], L'Archéologie du savoir [The Archaeology of Knowledge] (in French), Paris: Gallimard.
- Foucault, Michel (1994) [1966], Les Mots et Les Choses [The Order of Things] (in French), New York: Vintage.
