Hachijō language

Hachijō
Native to	Japan
Region	southern Izu Islands
Native speakers	Unknown; 10,000 inhabitants of the islands (2007)
Language family	Japonic Japanese Hachijō
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
ISO 639-6	hhjm
Glottolog	hach1239

The small group of Hachijō or Hachijōjima dialects are the most divergent form of Japanese. They are spoken on the southern Izu Islands south of Tokyo, Hachijō Island and the smaller Aogashima, as well as on the Daitō Islands of Okinawa Prefecture, which were settled from Hachijō in the Meiji period. Based on the criterion of mutual intelligibility, Hachijō may be considered a distinct Japonic language.

Hachijō dialects retain ancient Eastern Japanese features, as recorded in the 8th-century Man'yōshū. There are also lexical similarities with the dialects of Kyushu and even the Ryukyuan languages; it is not clear if these indicate the southern Izu islands were settled from that region, if they are loans brought by sailors traveling among the southern islands, or if they might be independent retentions of Old Japanese.

Dialects

The dialect of Aogashima is quite distinct. There are also numerous dialects on Hachijō Island, with the speech of nearly every village distinct. There may be a few speakers left of the dialect of Little Hachijō Island, which was abandoned in 1969.

Grammar

Hachijō uses the be-verb aru with all subjects, without the animate–inanimate (iru–aru) distinction made on the mainland. It also distinguishes between the attributive form (連体形 rentaikei) and terminal form (終止形 shūshikei) of verbs and adjectives, a distinction that existed in Early Middle Japanese but has all but vanished from the modern language.

Vocabulary

Hachijō preserves a number of phrases that have been otherwise lost in the rest of Japan, such as まぐれる magureru for standard 気絶する kizetsu suru 'to faint, pass out'. There are also words which occur in standard Japanese, but with different meanings:

Hachijō	Japanese	Meaning	Japanese cognate
yama	hatake	field	yama 'mountain'
ureshi naru	byōki ga naotte kuru	to recover from an illness	ureshiku naru 'to become happy'
kowai	tsukareru	to be tired	kowai 'to be scary/fearful'
gomi	takigi	firewood	gomi 'trash'
nikui	minikui	to be ugly	nikui 'to be odious'
kamu	taberu	to eat	kamu 'to chew'
oyako	shinseki	relatives, kin	oyako 'parent and child'
ijimeru	kogoto o iu	to chide, to scold, to rebuke, to reprove, to tell off, to nag, to complain	ijimeru 'to tease, to pick on, to bully'
hoeru	oogoe de wameku	to utter a loud cry, to shout, to yell, to scream, to raise one's voice	hoeru 'to bark, to howl (as a canine)'

Further reading

• (in Japanese) Sound clip and transcription of Hachijo