Undertone series

This article is about frequencies in music. For subharmonic functions in mathematics, see Subharmonic function.

Undertone series on C. Play 

In music, the undertone series or subharmonic series is a sequence of notes that results from inverting the intervals of the overtone series. While overtones naturally occur with the physical production of music on instruments, undertones must be produced in unusual ways. While the overtone series is based upon arithmetic multiplication of frequencies, resulting in a harmonic series, the undertone series is based on arithmetic division.

The hybrid term subharmonic is used in music in a few different ways. In its pure sense, the term subharmonic refers strictly to any member of the subharmonic series (1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, etc.). When the subharmonic series is used to refer to frequency relationships, it is written with f representing some highest known reference frequency (f/1, f/2, f/3, f/4, etc.). The complex tones of acoustic instruments do not produce partials that resemble the subharmonic series. However, such tones can be produced artificially with audio software and electronics. Subharmonics can be contrasted with harmonics. While harmonics can "...occur in any nonlinear system", there are "...only fairly restricted conditions" that will lead to the "nonlinear phenomenon known as subharmonic generation". One way to define subharmonics is that they are "...integral submultiples of the fundamental (driving) frequency".

In a second sense, subharmonic does not relate to the subharmonic series, but instead describes an instrumental technique for lowering the pitch of an acoustic instrument below what would be expected for the resonant frequency of that instrument, such as a violin string that is driven and damped by increased bow pressure to produce a fundamental frequency lower than the normal pitch of the same open string. The human voice can also be forced into a similar driven resonance, also called “undertone singing” (which similarly has nothing to do with the undertone series), to extend the range of the voice below what is normally available. However, the frequency relationships of the component partials of the tone produced by the acoustic instrument or voice played in such a way still resemble the harmonic series, not the subharmonic series. In this sense, subharmonic is a term created by reflection from the second sense of the term harmonic, which in that sense refers to an instrumental technique for making an instrument's pitch seem higher than normal by eliminating some lower partials by damping the resonator at the antinodes of vibration of those partials (such as placing a finger lightly on a string at certain locations).

In a very loose third sense, subharmonic is sometimes used or misused to represent any frequency lower than some other known frequency or frequencies, no matter what the frequency relationship is between those frequencies and no matter the method of production.

Methods for producing an undertone series

The overtone series can be produced physically in two ways—either by overblowing a wind instrument, or by dividing a monochord string. If a monochord string is lightly damped at the halfway point, then at 1/3, then 1/4, 1/5, etc., then the string will produce the overtone series, which includes the major triad. If instead, the length of the string is doubled in the opposite ratios, the undertones series is produced. Similarly, on a wind instrument, if the holes are equally spaced, each successive hole covered will produce the next note in the undertone series.

In addition, undertones can be made through the use of a simple oscillator such as a tuning fork. If the oscillator is gently forced to vibrate against a sheet of paper "it will naturally make contact at various audible modes of vibration." Because the tuning fork produces a sine tone, it normally vibrates at its fundamental frequency (e.g. 440 Hz), but "momentarily", it will make contact only at every other oscillation (220 Hz), or at every third oscillation (147 Hz), and so on. This produces audible "subharmonic spectra", (e.g. 1:1 yields A4 (440 Hz), 1:2 yields A3 (220 Hz), 1:3 yields D3 (147 Hz), 1:4 yields A2 (110 Hz), 1:5 yields F2 (88 Hz), etc.). José Sotorrio claims it is possible to sustain these "subspectra" using a sine wave generator through a speaker cone making contact with a flexible (flappable) surface, and also on string instruments "through skillful manipulation of the bow", but that this rarely sustains noticeably beyond the "sub-octave or twelfth".

String quartets by composers George Crumb and Daniel James Wolf, as well as works by violinist and composer Mari Kimura, include undertones, "produced by bowing with great pressure to create pitches below the lowest open string on the instrument." These require string instrument players to bow with sufficient pressure that the strings vibrate in a manner causing the sound waves to modulate and demodulate by the instruments resonating horn with frequencies corresponding to subharmonics.

The tritare, a guitar with Y shaped strings, cause subharmonics too. This can also be achieved by the extended technique of crossing two strings as some experimental jazz guitarists have developed. Also third bridge preparations on guitars cause timbres consisting of sets of high pitched overtones combined with a subharmonic resonant tone of the unplugged part of the string.

Subharmonics can be produced by signal amplification through loudspeakers.

Comparison to the overtone series

5-limit Otonality and Utonality: overtone and "undertone" series, partials 1-5 numbered Play Otonality , Play Utonality , Play major chord on C , and Play minor chord on F .

Subharmonic frequencies are frequencies below the fundamental frequency of an oscillator in a ratio of 1/n, with n a positive integer number. For example, if the fundamental frequency of an oscillator is 440 Hz, sub-harmonics include 220 Hz (1/2), ~146.6 Hz (1/3) and 110 Hz (1/4). Thus, they are a mirror image of the harmonic series, the undertone series.

Notes in the series

In the overtone series, if we consider C as the fundamental, the first five notes that follow are: C (one octave higher), G (perfect fifth higher than previous note), C (perfect fourth higher than previous note), E (major third higher than previous note), and G (minor third higher than previous note).

The pattern occurs in the same manner using the undertone series. Again we will start with C as the fundamental. The first five notes that follow will be: C (one octave lower), F (perfect fifth lower than previous note), C (perfect fourth lower than previous note), A♭ (major third lower than previous note), and F (minor third lower than previous note).

Undertone					12tET Interval	Note	Variance (cents)	Audio
1	2	4	8	16	prime (octave)	C	0	Play
				17	major seventh	B	−5	Play
			9	18	minor seventh	A♯, B♭	−4	Play
				19	major sixth	A	+2	Play
		5	10	20	minor sixth	G♯, A♭	+14	Play
				21	fifth	G	+29	Play
			11	22	tritone	F♯, G♭	+49	Play
				23			−28	Play
	3	6	12	24	fourth	F	−2	Play
				25	major third	E	+27	Play
			13	26			−41	Play
				27	minor third	D♯, E♭	−6	Play
		7	14	28	major second	D	+31	Play
				29			−30	Play
			15	30	minor second	C♯, D♭	+12	Play
				31			−45	Play

Triads

If the first five notes of both series are compared, a pattern is seen:

• Overtone series: C C G C E G
• Undertone series: C C F C A♭ F

The undertone series in C contains the F minor triad. Elizabeth Godley argued that the minor triad is also implied by the undertone series and is also a naturally occurring thing in acoustics. "According to this theory the upper and not the lower tone of a minor chord is the generating tone on which the unity of the chord is conditioned." Whereas the major chord consists of a generator with upper major third and perfect fifth, the minor chord consists of a generator with lower major third and fifth. Sotorrio, however, said that since this minor triad is not built under the fundamental (C) but under the fifth below (F), major and minor tonalities cannot be said to grow out of this 'polarity'. For this idea to be true, the minor triad would be formed under the Fundamental (C), or else the major triad would be built on the fifth above the fundamental (G) in the overtone series.

Resonance

Hermann von Helmholtz observed in On the Sensations of Tone that the tone of a string tuned to C on a piano changes more noticeably when the notes of its undertone series (c, F, C, A flat, F, D, C, etc.) are struck than those of its overtones. Helmholtz argued that sympathetic resonance is at least as active in under partials as in over partials. Henry Cowell in "New Musical Resources" (pg 21-23) discusses a "Professor Nicolas Garbusov of the Moscow Institute for Musicology" who created an instrument "on which at least the first nine undertones could be heard without the aid of resonators." The phenomenon is described as occurring in resonators of instruments; "the original sounding body does not produce the undertones but it is difficult to avoid them in resonation...such resonators under certain circumstances respond to only every other vibration producing a half tone.. even if the resonator responds normally to every vibration... under other circumstances the body resonates at only every third vibration...the fact that such underpartials are often audible in music makes them of importance in understanding certain musical relationships...the subdominant... the minor triad."

Importance in musical composition

Minor as upside down major.

First proposed by Zarlino in Instituzione armoniche (1558), the undertone series has been appealed to by theorists such as Riemann and D'Indy to explain phenomena such as the minor chord that the overtone series does not explain. However, while the overtone series occurs naturally as a result of wave propagation and sound acoustics, musicologists such as Paul Hindemith considered the undertone series to be a purely theoretical 'intervallic reflection' of the overtone series. This assertion rests on the fact that undertones do not sound simultaneously with its fundamental tone as the overtone series does.

Harry Partch, on the other hand, argued that the overtone series and the undertone series are equally fundamental, and his concept of Otonality and Utonality is based on this idea. Similarly, Graham H. Jackson in his book The Spiritual Basis of Musical Harmony (2006) suggests that the overtone and undertone series must be seen as a real polarity, representing on the one hand the outer "material world" and on the other, our subjective "inner world". This view is largely based on the fact that the overtone series has been accepted because it can be explained by materialistic science, while the prevailing conviction about the undertone series is that it can only be achieved by taking subjective experience seriously. For instance, the minor triad is usually heard as sad, or at least pensive, because humans habitually hear all chords as based from below. If feelings are instead based on the high "fundamental" of an undertone series, then descending into a minor triad is not felt as melancholy, but rather as overcoming, conquering something. The overtones, by contrast, are then felt as penetrating from outside. With the help of Rudolf Steiner’s work, Jackson traces the history of these two series, as well as the main other system created by the circle of fifths, and argues that in hidden form the series are balanced out in Bach's harmony.

Kathleen Schlesinger, in her 1939 book, The Greek Aulos, pointed out that since the ancient Greek aulos, or reed-blown flute, had holes bored at equal distances, it must have produced a section of the undertone series. She said that this discovery not only cleared up many riddles about the original Greek modes, but indicated that many ancient systems around the world must have also been based on this principle.

In 1868, Adolf von Thimus showed that an indication by a 1st-century Pythagorean, Nicomachus of Gerasa, taken up by Iamblichus in the 4th century, and then worked out by von Thimus, revealed that Pythagoras already had a diagram that could fill a page with interlocking over- and undertone series.

One area of conjecture is that the undertone series might be part of the compositional design phase of the compositional process. The overtone and undertone series can be considered two different arrays, with smaller arrays that contain different major and minor triads. Experiments with undertones to date have focused largely upon improvisation and performance, not compositional design.

See also

• Harmonic
• Overtone
• Subharmonic mixer
• Subharmonic synthesizer
• Combination tone
• Missing fundamental

Further reading

• Gurewitsch, Matthew (May 13, 2011). "For a Violinist, Success Means a New Low Point". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2012.

External links

• Website of Mari Kimura with audio clips
• Article on Mari Kimura