Automated machine learning

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Automated machine learning (AutoML) is the process of automating the end-to-end process of applying machine learning to real-world problems. In a typical machine learning application, practitioners must apply the appropriate data pre-processing, feature engineering, feature extraction, and feature selection methods that make the dataset amenable for machine learning. Following those preprocessing steps, practitioners must then perform algorithm selection and hyperparameter optimization to maximize the predictive performance of their final machine learning model. As many of these steps are often beyond the abilities of non-experts, AutoML was proposed as an artificial intelligence-based solution to the ever-growing challenge of applying machine learning.[1][2] Automating the end-to-end process of applying machine learning offers the advantages of producing simpler solutions, faster creation of those solutions, and models that often outperform models that were designed by hand.

Targets of automation[edit]

Automated machine learning can target various stages of the machine learning process:[2]

  • Automated data preparation and ingestion (from raw data and miscellaneous formats)
    • Automated column type detection; e.g., boolean, discrete numerical, continuous numerical, or text
    • Automated column intent detection; e.g., target/label, stratification field, numerical feature, categorical text feature, or free text feature
    • Automated task detection; e.g., binary classification, regression, clustering, or ranking
  • Automated feature engineering
  • Automated model selection
  • Hyperparameter optimization of the learning algorithm and featurization
  • Automated pipeline selection under time, memory, and complexity constraints
  • Automated selection of evaluation metics / validation procedures
  • Automated problem checking
    • Leakage detection
    • Misconfiguration detection
  • Automated analysis of results obtained
  • User interfaces and visualizations for automated machine learning

Examples[edit]

Notable platforms tackling various stages of AutoML:

Hyperparameter optimization and model selection[edit]

  • Auto-WEKA[3] is a Bayesian hyperparameter optimization layer on top of WEKA.
  • auto-sklearn[4] is a Bayesian hyperparameter optimization layer on top of scikit-learn.

Full pipeline optimization[edit]

  • TPOT[5][6] is a Python library that automatically creates and optimizes full machine learning pipelines using genetic programming.
  • TransmogrifAI[7][8] is a Scala/SparkML library created by Salesforce for automated data cleansing, feature engineering, model selection, and hyperparameter optimization
  • RECIPE [9] is a framework based on grammar-based genetic programming that builds customized scikit-learn classification pipelines.

Deep neural network architecture search[edit]

  • Auto Keras[10] is an open-source python package for neural architecture search.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Thornton C, Hutter F, Hoos HH, Leyton-Brown K (2013). Auto-WEKA: Combined Selection and Hyperparameter Optimization of Classification Algorithms. KDD '13 Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining. pp. 847–855.
  2. ^ a b Hutter F, Caruana R, Bardenet R, Bilenko M, Guyon I, Kegl B, and Larochelle H. "AutoML 2014 @ ICML". AutoML 2014 Workshop @ ICML. Retrieved 2018-03-28.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Kotthoff L, Thornton C, Hoos HH, Hutter F, Leyton-Brown K (2017). "Auto-WEKA 2.0: Automatic model selection and hyperparameter optimization in WEKA". Journal of Machine Learning Research. 18 (25): 1–5.
  4. ^ Feurer M, Klein A, Eggensperger K, Springenberg J, Blum M, Hutter F (2015). "Efficient and Robust Automated Machine Learning". Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS 2015): 2962–2970.
  5. ^ Olson RS, Urbanowicz RJ, Andrews PC, Lavender NA, Kidd L, Moore JH (2016). Automating biomedical data science through tree-based pipeline optimization. Proceedings of EvoStar 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 9597. pp. 123–137. arXiv:1601.07925. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31204-0_9. ISBN 978-3-319-31203-3.
  6. ^ Olson RS, Bartley N, Urbanowicz RJ, Moore JH (2016). Evaluation of a Tree-based Pipeline Optimization Tool for Automating Data Science. Proceedings of EvoBIO 2016. Gecco '16. pp. 485–492. arXiv:1603.06212. doi:10.1145/2908812.2908918. ISBN 9781450342063.
  7. ^ Shubha Nabar (2018-08-16). "Open Sourcing TransmogrifAI – Automated Machine Learning for Structured Data - Salesforce Engineering". Salesforce Engineering. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
  8. ^ Kyle Wiggers (2018-08-16). "Salesforce open-sources TransmogrifAI, the machine learning library that powers Einstein". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2018-08-16. Once TransmogrifAI has extracted features from the dataset, it’s primed to begin automated model training. At this stage, it runs a cadre of machine learning algorithms in parallel on the data, automatically selects the best-performing model, and samples and recalibrates predictions to avoid imbalanced data.
  9. ^ de Sá, Alex G. C.; Pinto, Walter José G. S.; Oliveira, Luiz Otavio V. B.; Pappa, Gisele L. (2017), "RECIPE: A Grammar-Based Framework for Automatically Evolving Classification Pipelines", Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer International Publishing, pp. 246–261, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55696-3_16, ISBN 9783319556956
  10. ^ Haifeng J, Qingquan S, Xia H (2018). "Auto-Keras: Efficient Neural Architecture Search with Network Morphism". arXiv:1806.10282 [cs.LG].