Pain scale
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A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity or other features. Pain scales are based on trust, cartoons (behavioral), or imaginary data. Self-report is considered primary and should be obtained if possible. Pain measurements help determine the severity, type, and duration of the pain, and are used to make an accurate diagnosis, determine a treatment plan, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Pain scales are available for neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, seniors, and persons whose communication is impaired. Pain assessments are often regarded as "the 5th Vital Sign".[1]
| Self-report | Observational | Physiological | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infant | — | Premature Infant Pain Profile; Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale | — |
| Child | Faces Pain Scale – Revised;[2] Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale; Coloured Analogue Scale[3] | FLACC (Face Legs Arms Cry Consolability Scale); CHEOPS (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale)[4] | Comfort |
| Adult | Visual Analog Scale (VAS); Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (VNRS); Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS); Brief Pain Inventory | — | — |
Contents
Partial list of pain measurement scales[edit]
- Alder Hey Triage Pain Score[5]
- Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS)[6]
- Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)[7]
- Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI)[8]
- Clinical Global Impression (CGI)[9]
- Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)[10]
- COMFORT scale[11]
- Dallas Pain Questionnaire[12][13]
- Descriptor differential scale (DDS)[14]
- Dolorimeter Pain Index (DPI)[15]
- Edmonton Symptom Assessment System[16][17][18]
- Faces Pain Scale – Revised (FPS-R)[19]
- Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability scale
- Lequesne algofunctional index: a composite measure of pain and disability, with separate self-report questionnaires for hip and knee OA (osteoarthritis):[20]
- McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)[24]
- Neck Pain and Disability Scale –NPAD[20]
- Numerical 11 point box (BS-11)[25]
- Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)[26]
- Oswestry Disability Index
- Palliative Care Outcome Scale (PCOS)[27]
- Roland-Morris Back Pain Questionnaire[28][29]
- Support Team Assessment Schedule (STAS)[30]
- Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale[31]
- Visual analog scale (VAS)[32]
- Multiple Pain Rating Scales[33]
Specialized tests[edit]
- Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)[34] for measuring pain in children
- Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)[35] for measuring pain in premature infants
- Schmidt Sting Pain Index[36] and Starr sting pain scale[37] both for insect stings
- Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale (for sedated patients)[38]
- AUSCAN: Disease-Specific, to assess hand osteoarthritis outcomes.[20]
- WOMAC : Disease-Specific, to assess knee osteoarthritis outcomes.[20]
- Osteoarthritis Research Society International-Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials (OARSI-OMERACT) Initiative, New OA Pain Measure: Disease-Specific, Osteoarthritis Pain[20]
- Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD)
Numeric Rating Scale[edit]
The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) is an 11-point scale for patient self-reporting of pain. It is for adults and children 10 years old or older.[39]
| Rating | Pain Level |
|---|---|
| 0 | No Pain |
| 1–3 | Mild Pain (nagging, annoying, interfering little with ADLs) |
| 4–6 | Moderate Pain (interferes significantly with ADLs) |
| 7–10 | Severe Pain (disabling; unable to perform ADLs) |
In endometriosis[edit]
The most common pain scale for quantification of endometriosis-related pain is the visual analogue scale (VAS). A review came to the conclusion that VAS and numerical rating scale (NRS) were the best adapted pain scales for pain measurement in endometriosis. For research purposes, and for more detailed pain measurement in clinical practice, the review suggested use of VAS or NRS for each type of typical pain related to endometriosis (dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia and non-menstrual chronic pelvic pain), combined with the clinical global impression (CGI) and a quality of life scale.[9]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ "Pain: current understanding of assessment, management and treatments" (PDF). Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the National Pharmaceutical Council, Inc. December 2001. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
- ^ "The Faces Pain Scale – Revised". Pediatric Pain Sourcebook of Protocols, Policies and Pamphlets. 7 August 2007.
- ^ Stinson, JN; Kavanagh, T; Yamada, J; Gill, N; Stevens, B (November 2006). "Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents". Pain. 125 (1–2): 143–57. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.006. PMID 16777328.
- ^ von Baeyer, C.L.; Spagrud, L.J. (2007). "Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years". Pain. 127 (1–2): 140–150. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.014. PMID 16996689.
- ^ Stewart B, Lancaster G, Lawson J, Williams K, Daly J (July 2004). "Validation of the Alder Hey Triage Pain Score". Arch. Dis. Child. 89 (7): 625–630. doi:10.1136/adc.2003.032599. PMC 1720010. PMID 15210492.
- ^ Payen, JF; Bru O; Bosson JL (2001). "Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale". Critical Care Medicine. 29: 2258–2263. doi:10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004.
- ^ Cleeland CS, Ryan KM (March 1994). "Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory". Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 23 (2): 129–38. PMID 8080219.
- ^ Feldt, KS (2000). "The Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI)". Pain Manag Nurs. 1: 13–21.
- ^ a b Bourdel, N.; Alves, J.; Pickering, G.; Ramilo, I.; Roman, H.; Canis, M. (2014). "Systematic review of endometriosis pain assessment: how to choose a scale?". Human Reproduction Update. 21 (1): 136–152. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu046. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 25180023.
- ^ Gélinas, C; Fillion L; Puntillo KA; Viens C; Fortier M (2006). "Validation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in adult patients". American Journal of Critical Care. 15 (4): 420–427.
- ^ Ambuel, B; Hamlett KW; Marx CM; Blumer JL (1992). "Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale". Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 17 (1): 95–109. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/17.1.95.
- ^ "Dallas Pain Questionnaire" (PDF). Workforce Safety. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
- ^ Ozguler A, Guéguen A, Leclerc A, Landre MF, Piciotti M, Le Gall S, Morel-Fatio M, Boureau F (2002). "Using the dallas pain questionnaire to classify individuals with low back pain in a working population". Spine. 27 (16): 1783–9. doi:10.1097/00007632-200208150-00018. PMID 12195072.
- ^ Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM (December 1988). "The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment". Pain. 35 (3): 279–88. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8. PMID 3226757.
- ^ Hardy, J.D.; Wolff, H.G.; Goodell, H. (1952). Pain Sensations and Reactions. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co. ASIN B0006ASZ92.
- ^ Bruera E, Kuehn N, Miller MJ, Selmser P, Macmillan K (1991). "The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): a simple method for the assessment of palliative care patients". J Palliat Care. 7 (2): 6–9. PMID 1714502.
- ^ Nekolaichuk C, Watanabe S, Beaumont C (March 2008). "The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System: a 15-year retrospective review of validation studies (1991--2006)". Palliat Med. 22 (2): 111–22. doi:10.1177/0269216307087659. PMID 18372376.
- ^ Richardson LA, Jones GW (January 2009). "A review of the reliability and validity of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System". Curr Oncol. 16 (1): 55. doi:10.3747/co.v16i1.261. PMC 2644623. PMID 19229371.
- ^ Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B (August 2001). "The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement". Pain. 93 (2): 173–83. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1. PMID 11427329. Retrieved 2008-05-26.Instructions in many languages and images
- ^ a b c d e "OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes". OARSI. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ Lequesne M, Mery C, et al. (1987). "Indexes of severity for osteoarthritis of the hip and knee". Scand J Rheumatology (Supplement 65): 85–89.
- ^ Lequesne M (1991). "Indices of severity and disease activity for osteoarthritis". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 20 (Supplement 2): 48–54. doi:10.1016/0049-0172(91)90027-w.
- ^ Lequesne MG (1997). "The algofunctional indices for hip and knee osteoarthritis". J Rheumatol. 24: 779–781.
- ^ Melzack R (September 1975). "The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods". Pain. 1 (3): 277–99. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5. PMID 1235985. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS (June 1989). "The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices". Clin J Pain. 5 (2): 153–9. doi:10.1097/00002508-198906000-00005. PMID 2520397.
- ^ Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S (December 2003). "The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure?". Pain Pract. 3 (4): 310–6. doi:10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x. PMID 17166126.
- ^ Hearn J, Higginson IJ (December 1999). "Development and validation of a core outcome measure for palliative care: the palliative care outcome scale. Palliative Care Core Audit Project Advisory Group". Qual Health Care. 8 (4): 219–27. doi:10.1136/qshc.8.4.219. PMC 2483665. PMID 10847883.
- ^ Paul W Stratford; Jill M Binkley; Daniel L Riddle; Gordon H Guyatt (1998). "Sensitivity to Change of the Roland-Morris Back Pain Questionnaire: Part 1". Phys Ther. 78 (11): 1186–1196. PMID 9806623.
- ^ Schulte TL, Schubert T, Winter C, Brandes M, Hackenberg L, Wassmann H, Liem D, Rosenbaum D, Bullmann V (2010). "Step activity monitoring in lumbar stenosis patients undergoing decompressive surgery". European Spine Journal. swetswise.com. 19 (11): 1855–64. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1324-y. PMC 2989265. PMID 20186442.
- ^ Higginson IJ, McCarthy M (1993). "Validity of the support team assessment schedule: do staffs' ratings reflect those made by patients or their families?". Palliat Med. 7 (3): 219–28. doi:10.1177/026921639300700309. PMID 7505183.
- ^ "Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Foundation". Retrieved 6 December 2009.
- ^ Huskisson EC (1982). "Measurement of pain". J. Rheumatol. 9 (5): 768–9. PMID 6184474.
- ^ "Multiple Pain Rating Scales - back, leg, neck, migraine". Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- ^ Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V (January 1987). "The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Pain. 28 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(87)91056-6. PMID 3822493.
- ^ Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A (December 1999). "Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting". Clin J Pain. 15 (4): 297–303. doi:10.1097/00002508-199912000-00006. PMID 10617258. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ Schmidt, Justin O.; Evans, David (1990). Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; chapter in Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press. pp. 387–419. ISBN 0-88706-896-0.
- ^ Starr, C.K. (1985). "A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings". Journal of Entomological Science. 20 (2): 225–231.
- ^ Salmore R (2002). "Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures". Gastroenterol Nurs. 25 (6): 257–62. doi:10.1097/00001610-200211000-00007. PMID 12488689. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ "Pain Intensity Instruments". National Institutes of Health – Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center. July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-14.
