Axiom of union

In axiomatic set theory, the axiom of union is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. It states that for each set x there is a set y whose elements are precisely the elements of the elements of x. This axiom was introduced by Zermelo (1908). Together with the axiom of pairing, it implies that for any two sets, there is a set (called their union) that contains exactly the elements of the two sets. Together with the axiom of replacement, the axiom of union implies that one can form the union of a family of sets indexed by a set.

Formal statement

In the formal language of the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms, the axiom reads:

$\forall A\,\exists B\,\forall c\,(c\in B\iff \exists D\,(c\in D\land D\in A)\,)$

or in words:

Given any set A, there is a set B such that, for any element c, c is a member of B if and only if there is a set D such that c is a member of D and D is a member of A.

or, more simply:

For any set $A$, there is a set $\bigcup A\$ which consists of just the elements of the elements of that set.

In the context of set theories which include the axiom of separation, the axiom of union is sometimes stated in a weaker form which only produces the superset of the union of a set. For example, Kunen (1980) states the axiom as

$\forall {\mathcal {F}}\,\exists A\,\forall Y\,\forall x[(x\in Y\land Y\in {\mathcal {F}})\Rightarrow x\in A].$

which is equivalent to

$\forall {\mathcal {F}}\,\exists A\forall x[[\exists Y(x\in Y\land Y\in {\mathcal {F}})]\Rightarrow x\in A].$

Compared to the axiom stated at the top of this section, this variation asserts only one direction of the implication, rather than both directions.

Intersection

There is no corresponding axiom of intersection. If A is a nonempty set containing E, it is possible to form the intersection $\bigcap A$ using the axiom schema of specification as

{c in E: for all D in A, c is in D},

so no separate axiom of intersection is necessary. (If A is the empty set, then trying to form the intersection of A as

{c: for all D in A, c is in D}

is not permitted by the axioms. Moreover, if such a set existed, then it would contain every set in the "universe", but the notion of a universal set is antithetical to Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.)

References

• Paul Halmos, Naive set theory. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1960. Reprinted by Springer-Verlag, New York, 1974. ISBN 0-387-90092-6 (Springer-Verlag edition).
• Jech, Thomas, 2003. Set Theory: The Third Millennium Edition, Revised and Expanded. Springer. ISBN 3-540-44085-2.
• Kunen, Kenneth, 1980. Set Theory: An Introduction to Independence Proofs. Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-86839-9.
• Ernst Zermelo, 1908, "Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Mengenlehre I", Mathematische Annalen 65(2), pp. 261–281.
  • English translation: Jean van Heijenoort, 1967, 1967, From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, pp. 199–215 ISBN 978-0-674-32449-7

External links

• "Axiom of Union". PlanetMath.