Disjoint union

This article is about the operation on sets. For the computer science meaning of the term, see Tagged union. For the operation on graphs, see disjoint union of graphs.

Not to be confused with Disjunctive union.

In set theory, the disjoint union (or discriminated union) of a family of sets is a modified union operation that indexes the elements according to which set they originated in. Or slightly different from this, the disjoint union of a family of subsets is the usual union of the subsets which are pairwise disjoint – disjoint sets means they have no element in common.

Note that these two concepts are different but strongly related. Moreover, it seems that they are essentially identical to each other in category theory. That is, both are realizations of the coproduct of category of sets.

Example

Consider the sets $A_{0}=\{1,2,3\}$ and $A_{1}=\{1,2\}$. We can index the set elements according to set origin by forming the associated sets

${\begin{aligned}A_{0}^{*}&=\{(1,0),(2,0),(3,0)\}\\A_{1}^{*}&=\{(1,1),(2,1)\},\end{aligned}}$

where the second element in each pair matches the subscript of the origin set (e.g., the $0$ in $(1,0)$ matches the subscript in $A_{0}$, etc.). The disjoint union $A_{0}\sqcup A_{1}$ can then be calculated as follows:

$A_{0}\sqcup A_{1}=A_{0}^{*}\cup A_{1}^{*}=\{(1,0),(2,0),(3,0),(1,1),(2,1)\}.$

Set theory definition

Formally, let {A_i : i ∈ I} be a family of sets indexed by I. The disjoint union of this family is the set

$\bigsqcup _{i\in I}A_{i}=\bigcup _{i\in I}\{(x,i):x\in A_{i}\}.$

The elements of the disjoint union are ordered pairs (x, i). Here i serves as an auxiliary index that indicates which A_i the element x came from.

Each of the sets A_i is canonically isomorphic to the set

$A_{i}^{*}=\{(x,i):x\in A_{i}\}.$

Through this isomorphism, one may consider that A_i is canonically embedded in the disjoint union. For i ≠ j, the sets A_i* and A_j* are disjoint even if the sets A_i and A_j are not.

In the extreme case where each of the A_i is equal to some fixed set A for each i ∈ I, the disjoint union is the Cartesian product of A and I:

$\bigsqcup _{i\in I}A_{i}=A\times I.$

One may occasionally see the notation

$\sum _{i\in I}A_{i}$

for the disjoint union of a family of sets, or the notation A + B for the disjoint union of two sets. This notation is meant to be suggestive of the fact that the cardinality of the disjoint union is the sum of the cardinalities of the terms in the family. Compare this to the notation for the Cartesian product of a family of sets.

Disjoint unions are also sometimes written $\biguplus _{i\in I}A_{i}$ or $\ \cdot \!\!\!\!\!\bigcup _{i\in I}A_{i}$.

In the language of category theory, the disjoint union is the coproduct in the category of sets. It therefore satisfies the associated universal property. This also means that the disjoint union is the categorical dual of the Cartesian product construction. See coproduct for more details.

For many purposes, the particular choice of auxiliary index is unimportant, and in a simplifying abuse of notation, the indexed family can be treated simply as a collection of sets. In this case $A_{i}^{*}$ is referred to as a copy of $A_{i}$ and the notation ${\underset {A\in C}{\,\,\bigcup \nolimits ^{*}\!}}A$ is sometimes used.

Category theory point of view

In category theory the disjoint union is defined as a coproduct in the category of sets.

As such, the disjoint union is defined up to an isomorphism, and the above definition is just one realization of the coproduct, among others. When the sets are pairwise disjoint, the usual union is another realization of the coproduct. This justifies the second definition in the lead.

This categorical aspect of the disjoint union explains why $\coprod$ is frequently used, instead of $\bigsqcup$, to denote coproduct.

See also

• Coproduct
• Disjoint union (topology)
• Disjoint union of graphs
• Partition of a set
• Sum type
• Tagged union
• Union (computer science)

References

• Lang, Serge (2004), Algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 211 (Corrected fourth printing, revised third ed.), New York: Springer-Verlag, p. 60, ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Disjoint Union". MathWorld.