Union (set theory)

Union of two sets:
$~A\cup B$

Union of three sets:
$~A\cup B\cup C$

The union of A, B, C, D, and E is everything except the white area.

In set theory, the union (denoted by ∪) of a collection of sets is the set of all elements in the collection. It is one of the fundamental operations through which sets can be combined and related to each other.

For explanation of the symbols used in this article, refer to the table of mathematical symbols.

Union of two sets

The union of two sets A and B is the set of elements which are in A, in B, or in both A and B. In symbols,

$A\cup B=\{x:x\in A{\text{ or }}x\in B\}$.

For example, if A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {1, 2, 4, 6} then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. A more elaborate example (involving two infinite sets) is:

A = {x is an even integer larger than 1}

B = {x is an odd integer larger than 1}

$A\cup B=\{2,3,4,5,6,\dots \}$

As another example, the number 9 is not contained in the union of the set of prime numbers {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …} and the set of even numbers {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}, because 9 is neither prime nor even.

Sets cannot have duplicate elements, so the union of the sets {1, 2, 3} and {2, 3, 4} is {1, 2, 3, 4}. Multiple occurrences of identical elements have no effect on the cardinality of a set or its contents.

Algebraic properties

Binary union is an associative operation; that is, for any sets A, B, and C,

$A\cup (B\cup C)=(A\cup B)\cup C.$

The operations can be performed in any order, and the parentheses may be omitted without ambiguity (i.e., either of the above can be expressed equivalently as A ∪ B ∪ C). Similarly, union is commutative, so the sets can be written in any order.

The empty set is an identity element for the operation of union. That is, A ∪ ∅ = A, for any set A. This follows from analogous facts about logical disjunction.

Since sets with unions and intersections form a Boolean algebra, intersection distributes over union

$A\cap (B\cup C)=(A\cap B)\cup (A\cap C)$

and union distributes over intersection

$A\cup (B\cap C)=(A\cup B)\cap (A\cup C)$ .

Within a given universal set, union can be written in terms of the operations of intersection and complement as

$A\cup B=\left(A^{C}\cap B^{C}\right)^{C}$

where the superscript ^C denotes the complement with respect to the universal set.

Finite unions

One can take the union of several sets simultaneously. For example, the union of three sets A, B, and C contains all elements of A, all elements of B, and all elements of C, and nothing else. Thus, x is an element of A ∪ B ∪ C if and only if x is in at least one of A, B, and C.

In mathematics a finite union means any union carried out on a finite number of sets; it does not imply that the union set is a finite set.

Arbitrary unions

The most general notion is the union of an arbitrary collection of sets, sometimes called an infinitary union. If M is a set or class whose elements are sets, then x is an element of the union of M if and only if there is at least one element A of M such that x is an element of A. In symbols:

$x\in \bigcup \mathbf {M} \iff \exists A\in \mathbf {M} ,\ x\in A.$

This idea subsumes the preceding sections—for example, A ∪ B ∪ C is the union of the collection {A, B, C}. Also, if M is the empty collection, then the union of M is the empty set.

Notations

The notation for the general concept can vary considerably. For a finite union of sets $S_{1},S_{2},S_{3},\dots ,S_{n}$ one often writes $S_{1}\cup S_{2}\cup S_{3}\cup \dots \cup S_{n}$ or $\bigcup _{i=1}^{n}S_{i}$. Various common notations for arbitrary unions include $\bigcup \mathbf {M}$, $\bigcup _{A\in \mathbf {M} }A$, and $\bigcup _{i\in I}A_{i}$, the last of which refers to the union of the collection $\left\{A_{i}:i\in I\right\}$ where I is an index set and $A_{i}$ is a set for every $i\in I$. In the case that the index set I is the set of natural numbers, one uses a notation $\bigcup _{i=1}^{\infty }A_{i}$ analogous to that of the infinite series.

When the symbol "∪" is placed before other symbols instead of between them, it is usually rendered as a larger size.

See also

• Alternation (formal language theory), the union of sets of strings
• Disjoint union
• Intersection (set theory)
• Iterated binary operation
• Naive set theory
• Symmetric difference

External links

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Union". MathWorld.
• Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001) [1994], "Union of sets", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
• Infinite Union and Intersection at ProvenMath De Morgan's laws formally proven from the axioms of set theory.