Irish declension

The declension of Irish nouns, the definite article, and the adjectives is discussed on this page (for pronouns, see Irish morphology).

Nouns

Gender

Nouns in Irish are divided into two genders, masculine and feminine; the Old Irish neuter gender no longer exists. While gender should be learned when the specific noun is learned, there are some guidelines that can be followed:

Generally, nouns in singular form ending with broad consonants are masculine, while those ending in a slender consonant are feminine.

There are some exceptions, mostly dealing with specific endings and suffixes; for example, words ending in -óir/-eoir and -ín (with a slender /ɾʲ/ and /nʲ/ respectively) are categorically masculine, while words ending in -óg/-eog (with a broad /ɡ/) are feminine. This leads to some unexpected gender assignments, such as gasóg "boy scout" being feminine, and cailín "girl" masculine (the diminutive -ín suffix is always masculine irrespective of the noun it applies to).

Case

Irish has four cases: common (usually called the nominative, but it covers the role of the accusative as well), vocative, genitive, and the dative or prepositional case.

Nominative

The nominative is used in the following functions:

1. Sentence subject

   Tá an cat ag ól. "The cat is drinking."

2. Sentence object

   Bhris Seán an fhuinneog. "Seán broke the window."

3. Predicate of the copula

   Is amadán é. "He is an idiot."

4. Object of the prepositions gan "without", go dtí "(up) to" and mar "like, as".

   gan an t-airgead "without the money"

   go dtí an t-am "(up) to the time"

   mar an chearc "like the hen"

Vocative

The vocative is used in direct address, and is always preceded by the particle a, which triggers lenition (in spoken Irish this particle is often omitted, especially before a vowel sound). The first declension is the only declension in which the vocative is otherwise distinct from the nominative.

• Cá bhfuil tú, a mhic? "Where are you, son?"
• A Sheáin, tar anseo! "Seán, come here!"

Genitive

The genitive indicates possession and material of composition:

• hata an fhir "the man's hat"
• clann na mná "the woman's children"
• coinnleoirí an easpaig "the bishop's candelabra"
• fáinne óir "a ring of gold, a golden ring"
• bróga leathair "shoes of leather, leather shoes"

The object of a verbal noun also requires the genitive:

• ag caitheamh airgid "spending money"

The object of a compound preposition is in the genitive. Formally, these prepositions are actually prepositional phrases.

• ar chúl an dorais "behind the door" (lit. "on the back of the door")
• ar feadh míosa "one month long" (lit. "for the duration of one month")
• ar son na hÉireann "for Ireland's sake"

Dative/Prepositional

The dative/prepositional is used as the object of most simple prepositions except gan and go dtí. In standard language, the dative is almost always identical to the nominative when not used with the definite article, but some dialects have distinct standalone datives as well in the second and fifth declensions. Even in standard language, a handful of words still have distinct standalone datives (such as Éire ("Ireland") - Éirinn), and distinct datives are also found in certain fixed phrases, such as os cionn ("above", lit. "over the head" – cionn is the old dative of ceann ("head")).

• ag an athair "at the father"
• as an teach "out of the house"
• ar an arán "on the bread"
• in oráiste "in an orange"
• go hifreann "to hell"
• leis an airgead "with the money"
• ó Éirinn "from Ireland"

Declension

There are five recognized declensions in Irish. The makeup of the declensions depends on three factors:

1. the gender of the noun
2. the formation of the genitive singular
3. relation of genitive singular to nominative plural

The following chart describes the characteristics of each declension class:

	Nom. sing. ends with:	Gen. sing. ends with:	Gender
First declension	Broad consonant	Slender consonant	Masculine
Second declension	Broad or slender consonant	-e/-í	Feminine
Third declension	Slender or broad consonant	-a	Masculine or feminine
Fourth declension	Vowel or -ín	(no change)	Masculine or feminine
Fifth declension	Vowel or slender consonant	Broad consonant	Mostly feminine

First

The first declension is made up of masculine nouns. The nominative singular ends in a broad consonant, which is made slender in the genitive singular. The most common formation of the plural has the opposite pattern: the nominative ends in a slender consonant, the genitive in a broad consonant (these plurals are known as weak plurals in comparison with strong plurals which maintain identical endings for all cases in the plural). The dative is identical to the nominative in both numbers, although an obsolete dative plural in -aibh is still sometimes encountered in old-fashioned literary style.

bád "boat"	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bád /bˠaːd̪ˠ/	báid /bˠaːdʲ/
Vocative	a bháid /ə waːdʲ/	a bháda /ə waːd̪ˠə/
Genitive	báid /bˠaːdʲ/	bád /bˠaːd̪ˠ/
Dative	bád /bˠaːd̪ˠ/	báid (obsolete bádaibh)

When /x/ in the gen. sing. and nom. pl. of a polysyllabic word is made slender, it also becomes voiced, thus:

• /x/ > /ç/ > /j/. The resulting /əj/ is written -(a)igh and is pronounced /iː/, /ə/, or /əɟ/, depending on dialect.

marcach "a horseman"	Singular	Plural
Nominative	marcach /mˠaɾˠkəx/	marcaigh /mˠaɾˠkiː/ ~ /mˠaɾˠkə/ ~ /mˠaɾˠkəɟ/
Vocative	a mharcaigh /ə waɾˠkiː/ ~ /ə waɾˠkə/ ~ /ə waɾˠkəɟ/	a mharcacha /ə waɾˠkəxə/
Genitive	marcaigh /mˠaɾˠkiː/ ~ /mˠaɾˠkə/ ~ /mˠaɾˠkəɟ/	marcach /mˠaɾˠkəx/
Dative	marcach /mˠaɾˠkəx/	marcaigh (obsolete marcachaibh)

Some nouns undergo a vowel change before the slender consonant of the genitive singular/nominative plural:

• ball, baill /bˠaːɫ̪, bˠailʲ/ - an (internal) organ, component part
• bonn, boinn /bˠuːn̪ˠ, bˠiːnʲ/ - a sole, coin
• ceann, cinn /caːn̪ˠ, ciːnʲ/ - a head
• fear, fir - a man
• iasc, éisc - a fish
• mac, mic /mˠak, mʲɪc/ - a son (note: the first consonant is made slender in the gen.sg./nom.pl. as well)
• poll, poill /pˠoːɫ̪, pˠailʲ/ - a hole

Many words of this declension form the plural with one of the endings -(a)í, -ta, -tha, -anna. These are known as "strong plural" endings, which means the plural is identical in all cases in the standard language. Some examples:

• aonach, gen. sg. aonaigh, pl. aontaí - a fair
• bealach, gen. sg. bealaigh, pl. bealaí - a way
• carr /kaːɾˠ/, gen. sg. cairr /kaːɾˠ/, pl. carranna /kaɾˠən̪ˠə/ - a car
• glór, gen. sg. glóir, pl. glórtha - a voice
• leanbh, gen. sg. linbh, pl. leanaí - a child
• néal, gen. sg. néil, pl. néalta - a cloud
• rós, gen. sg. róis, pl. rósanna - a rose
• samhradh, gen. sg. samhraidh, pl. samhraí - a summer
• scéal, gen. sg. scéil, pl. scéalta - a story
• toradh, gen. sg. toraidh, pl. torthaí - fruit

Some nouns have a weak plural (a plural where the genitive is different from the nominative, and is identical to the form of the nominative singular) in -a:

• ceart, gen. sg. cirt, nom. pl. cearta, gen. pl. ceart - a right
• cleas, gen. sg. clis, nom. pl. cleasa, gen. pl. cleas - a trick
• úll, gen. sg. úill, nom. pl. úlla, gen. pl. úll - an apple

Other strong plural formations are found in:

• bóthar, bóthair; bóithre - road
• breitheamh, breithimh; breithiúna - judge
• briathar, briathair; briathra - verb
• cloigeann, cloiginn; cloigne - skull
• doras, dorais; doirse - door
• ollamh, ollaimh; ollúna - professor
• solas, solais; soilse - light

Second

The second declension is made up of mostly feminine nouns, and features a nominative singular form that can end in either a broad or a slender consonant. The genitive singular ends in a slender consonant followed by -e. The most common plural form has a broad consonant followed by -a in the nominative, and a broad consonant alone in the genitive. The vocative has the same endings as the nominative, as does the dative in standard language.

bróg "shoe"	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bróg /bˠɾˠoːɡ/	bróga /ˈbˠɾˠoːɡə/
Vocative	a bhróg /ə wɾˠoːɡ/	a bhróga /ə ˈwɾˠoːɡə/
Genitive	bróige /ˈbˠɾˠoːɟə/	bróg /bˠɾˠoːɡ/
Dative	bróg /bˠɾˠoːɡ/  (obsolete/dialectal bróig)	bróga /ˈbˠɾˠoːɡə/  (obsolete brógaibh)

deoir "tear"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Dative	deoir /dʲoːɾʲ/	deora /ˈdʲoːɾˠə/
Vocative	a dheoir /ə joːɾʲ/	a dheora /ə ˈjoːɾˠə/
Genitive	deoire /ˈdʲoːɾʲə/	deor /dʲoːɾˠ/

In Connacht Irish and Waterford Irish it is often the case that all nouns of the second declension in the nom. sg. end with a slender consonant (e.g. bróig "a shoe").

In some Munster varieties as well as the old literary language, the dative singular is distinct and ends in a slender consonant alone (in effect the dative sg. is formed by dropping the -e from the genitive sg.), e.g. i mo bhróig "in my shoe" (historically, nominative forms like bróig are descended from the old dative).

When /x/ in the gen. sing. is made slender, it is also voiced, so /x/ > /ç/ > /j/. /əjə/ becomes /iː/, and is written -(a)í.

girseach "little girl"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Std. dative	girseach /ˈɟɪɾˠʃəx/	girseacha /ˈɟɪɾˠʃəxə/
Vocative	a ghirseach /ə ˈjɪɾˠʃəx/	a ghirseacha /ə ˈjɪɾˠʃəxə/
Genitive	girsí /ˈɟɪɾˠʃiː/	girseach /ˈɟɪɾˠʃəx/
Nonstandard Dative	girsigh /ˈɟɪɾˠʃiː/ (obsolete/dialectal)	girseachaibh /ˈɟɪɾˠʃəxəvʲ/ (obsolete)

Many words in this declension form a strong plural with one of the endings -t(h)a,-te, -(e)acha or -eanna:

• áit, áite, áiteanna "place"
• coill, coille, coillte /kailʲ, ˈkelʲə, ˈkailʲtʲə/ "forest"
• iníon, iníne, iníonacha "daughter"
• obair, oibre, oibreacha "work"
• spéir, spéire, spéartha "sky"
• tír, tíre, tíortha "country"
• tonn, toinne, tonnta /t̪ˠuːn̪ˠ, t̪ˠɪnʲə, t̪ˠuːn̪ˠt̪ˠə/ "wave"
• ubh, uibhe, uibheacha "egg"

Other strong plural formations are found in:

• fiacail, fiacaile; fiacla - tooth
• gualainn, gualainne; guaillí - shoulder
• scian, scine; sceana - knife (irregular genitive singular)
• sliabh, sléibhe; sléibhte (m.) - mountain (irregular genitive singular and masculine gender)

Third

The third declension is made up of masculine and feminine nouns. It is characterized by the genitive singular in -a. The majority of nouns in this class form the plural in -(a)í. The final consonant of the stem may be broad or slender: it retains its quality in the plural, but is always broad in the genitive singular.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Vocative/Dative	broad or slender cons.	-(a)í
Genitive	broad cons. + -a	-(a)í

bádóir (m.) "boatsman"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Dative	bádóir /ˈbˠaːd̪ˠoːɾʲ/	bádóirí /ˈbˠaːd̪ˠoːɾʲiː/
Vocative	a bhádóir /ə ˈwaːd̪ˠoːɾʲ/	a bhádóirí /ə ˈwaːd̪ˠoːɾʲiː/
Genitive	bádóra /ˈbˠaːd̪ˠoːɾˠə/	bádóirí /ˈbˠaːd̪ˠoːɾʲiː/

rás (m.) "race"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Dative	rás /ɾˠaːsˠ/	rásaí /ˈɾˠaːsˠiː/
Vocative	a rás /ə ɾˠaːsˠ/	a rásaí /ə ˈɾˠaːsˠiː/
Genitive	rása /ˈɾˠaːsˠə/	rásaí /ˈɾˠaːsˠiː/

Feminine nouns in -áint and -úint lose their t in the gen. sg.; those in -irt have -th- instead of -t- in the gen. sg.

• bagairt, bagartha, bagairtí (f.) "threat"
• canúint, canúna, canúintí (f.) "dialect"

Many words in this declension form the plural with one of the endings -anna or -acha:

• am, ama, amanna (m.) /aːmˠ, ˈamˠə, ˈamˠən̪ˠə/ "time"
• anam, anama, anamacha (m.) "soul"
• droim, droma, dromanna (m.) /d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ, ˈd̪ˠɾˠumə, ˈd̪ˠɾˠumən̪ˠə/ "back"
• loch, locha, lochanna (m.) "lake"
• troid, troda, troideanna (f.) "fight, struggle"

Some words in Munster Irish also have a separate dative form:

• nom. drom, dat. droim, gen. droma, pl. dromanna (m.) /d̪ˠɾˠoumˠ, d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ, ˈd̪ˠɾˠomə, ˈd̪ˠɾˠomˠən̪ˠə/ "back"

Fourth

The fourth declension is made up of masculine and feminine nouns. It is characterized by a genitive singular that is identical in form to the nominative/vocative/dative singular. The singular may end in a vowel or a consonant (usually the diminutive suffix -ín). The most common plural ending is -(a)í.

	Singular	Plural
All cases	Vowel or consonant (usually -ín)	-(a)í

balla (m.) "wall"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Genitive/Dative	balla /ˈbˠaɫ̪ə/	ballaí /ˈbˠaɫ̪iː/
Vocative	a bhalla /ə ˈwaɫ̪ə/	a bhallaí /ə ˈwaɫ̪iː/

comhairle (f.) "(piece of) advice"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Genitive/Dative	comhairle /ˈkoːɾˠlʲə/	comhairlí /ˈkoːɾˠlʲiː/
Vocative	a chomhairle /ə ˈxoːɾˠlʲə/	a chomhairlí /ə ˈxoːɾˠlʲiː/

cailín (m.) "girl"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Genitive/Dative	cailín /ˈkalʲiːnʲ/	cailíní /ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/
Vocative	a chailín /ə ˈxalʲiːnʲ/	a chailíní /ə ˈxalʲiːnʲiː/

Many words of this declension form the plural with the following endings -tha/-t(h)e, -((e)a)nna or -((e)a)cha:

• ainmhí; ainmhithe (m.) "animal"
• aturnae; aturnaetha (m.) "attorney"
• baile; bailte (m.) "village"
• bus; busanna (m.) "bus"
• cliamhain; cliamhaineacha (m.) "son-in-law"
• cneá; cneácha (f.) "wound, sore"
• cnó; cnónna (m.) "nut"
• cró; cróite (m.) "outhouse; eye of a needle"
• dlí; dlíthe (m.) "law"
• dosaen; dosaenacha (m.) "dozen"
• ga; gathanna (m.) "ray, radius"
• gé; géanna (f.) "goose"
• léine; léine, léinte (f.) "shirt"
• rá; ráite (m.) "saying"
• rí; ríthe (m.) "king"
• sloinne; sloinnte /ˈsˠɫ̪ɪnʲə, ˈsˠɫ̪iːnʲtʲə/ (m.) "last name"
• teanga; teangacha (f.) "language, tongue"
• tine; tinte (f.) "fire"

Other strong plural formations are found in:

• ainm; ainmneacha (m.) "name"
• airí; airíona (m.) "characteristic, symptom"
• aithne; aitheanta (f.) "commandment"
• bruach; bruacha (m.) "bank (of river etc.)"
• cine; ciníocha (m.) "race, tribe"
• duine; daoine (m.) "person, human being"
• gabha; gaibhne (m.) "blacksmith"
• gnó; gnóthaí (m.) "business"
• oíche; oícheanta (f.) "night"

One noun in this class has a weak plural:

• bó, bó; ba, bó (f.) - cow

Fifth

The fifth declension is made up mostly of feminine nouns and is characterized by a genitive singular that ends in a broad consonant that has been added to the nominative/vocative/dative singular. The most common plural is weak, formed by adding -a to the genitive singular.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Vocative/Dative	Vowel or slender consonant	Gen. sg. + -a
Genitive	broad consonant	Gen. sg. + -a

pearsa "person"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Dative	pearsa /ˈpʲaɾˠsˠə/	pearsana /ˈpʲaɾˠsˠən̪ˠə/
Vocative	a phearsa /ə ˈfʲaɾˠsˠə/	a phearsana /ə ˈfʲaɾˠsˠən̪ˠə/
Genitive	pearsan /ˈpʲaɾˠsˠən̪ˠ/	pearsana /ˈpʲaɾˠsˠən̪ˠə/

cathair "city"	Singular	Plural
Nominative/Dative	cathair /ˈkahəɾʲ/	cathracha /ˈkaɾˠəxə/
Vocative	a chathair /ə ˈxahəɾʲ/	a chathracha /ə ˈxaɾˠəxə/
Genitive	cathrach /ˈkaɾˠəx/	cathracha /ˈkaɾˠəxə/

In some Munster Irish varieties as well as the old literary language, the dative singular is distinct and ends in a slender consonant (in effect the dative sg. is formed by palatalizing the genitive sg.), for example, do phearsain "to a person", ón gcathraigh "from the city". In Éire, Éireann "Ireland" the dative Éirinn is still used in the standard language.

Some words form the genitive singular by changing the final consonant of the nominative singular to broad. The plural is then strong -eacha.

• abhainn, abhann, aibhneacha /aunʲ, aun̪ˠ, ˈavʲnʲəxə/ "river"
• athair, athar, aithreacha (m.) "father"
• deartháir, dearthár, deartháireacha /ˈdʲaɾˠhaːɾʲ, ˈdʲaɾˠhaːɾˠ, ˈdʲaɾˠahaːɾʲəxə/ (m.) "brother"
• máthair, máthar, máithreacha "mother"

Other strong plural formations are found in:

• bráthair, bráthar; bráithre (m.) "brother (monk), friar"
• cara, carad; cairde /ˈkaɾˠə, ˈkaɾˠəd̪ˠ; ˈkaːɾˠdʲə/ (m.) "friend"
• namhaid, namhad; naimhde (m.) "enemy"
• Nollaig, Nollag; Nollaigí "Christmas"

Some nouns have weak plurals; here the genitive singular and genitive plural have the same form:

• caora, caorach; caoirigh, caorach - sheep
• lacha, lachan; lachain, lachan - duck

Verbal nouns

The most productive verbal nouns end with -(e)adh (1st conjugation) or -(i)ú (2nd conjugation). These originally belonged to the third declension, but synchronically are best regarded as separate declensions.

The 1st conjugation verbal noun in -(e)adh has a genitive singular in -te/-ta and a plural in -t(a)í.

• briseadh, briste; bristí "breaking"
• moladh, molta; moltaí "praising; recommendation"

The 2nd conjugation verbal noun in -(i)ú has a genitive singular in -(a)ithe and a plural in -(u)ithe. These endings are pronounced the same regardless of the spelling distinction.

• scrúdú, scrúdaithe; scrúduithe "examining, examination"
• síniú, sínithe; sínithe "stretching"

Irregular nouns

The following nouns are declined irregularly:

• bean, mná; mná, ban (f.) "woman"
• deirfiúr, deirféar; deirfiúracha (f.) /ˈdʲɾʲɛfʲuːɾˠ, ˈdʲɾʲɛfʲeːɾˠ, ˈdʲɾʲefʲuːɾˠəxə/ "sister"
• deoch, dí; deochanna /dʲɔx, dʲiː, ˈdʲɔxən̪ˠə/ (f.) "drink"
• Dia, Dé; déithe (m.) "God"
• lá, lae; laethanta (m.) "day"
• leaba, leapa; leapacha (f.) "bed"
• mí, míosa; míonna (f.) "month"
• muir, mara; mara (f.) "sea"
• olann, olla (f.) "wool"
• talamh, talaimh (m.) or talún (f.); tailte "land"
• teach, tí; tithe (m.) "house"

Articles

The definite article has two forms in Irish: an and na. Their distribution depends on number, case, and gender, and they trigger mutation partly on the basis of the initial sound of the following word. Each entry of the table gives an example of one noun starting with a consonant and one with a vowel.

	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	both genders
Nominative	an cat an t-éan	an bhróg an eaglais	(do) na cait (leis) na héin
Dative (i)	den chat san éan	don bhróg den eaglais
Dative (ii)	ag an gcat ag an éan	faoin mbróg tríd an eaglais
Genitive	an chait an éin	na bróige na heaglaise	na gcat na n-éan

Dative (i) is used with all prepositions in Ulster usage; in Munster and the standard language it is used only with den "from the", don "to the", and sa(n) "in the" but there are also Munster dialects in which only sa(n) triggers lenition and den and don eclipse, as with every other article-preposition compound. In Connacht sa(n) eclipses whereas den and don lenite. Dative (ii) is used outside Ulster with other prepositions.

The article never mutates a following d or t in the singular, and s is lenited to ts (pronounced [t̪ˠ, tʲ]) rather than the usual sh. s furthermore lenites in both dative (i) and (ii) in the singular with feminine nouns but does not lenite at all with masculine nouns.

It does, however, eclipse t and d in Munster dialects and forms like "ag an ndoras" instead of the usual pattern "ag an doras", which is used in all other dialects, do occur.

There is no indefinite article in Irish, so depending on context cat can mean "cat" or "a cat".

Adjectives

Almost all adjectives in Irish can be used either predicatively or attributively. A predicative adjective is one that forms a part of the predicate, like red in the sentence The car is red. An attributive adjective directly modifies a noun, as in the red car.

A predicate adjective in Irish does not inflect:

• Tá an fear sin beag. "That man is small."
• Tá na fir sin beag. "Those men are small."
• Tá an bhean seo beag. "This woman is small."
• Tá na mná seo beag. "These women are small."

A predicate adjective expressing a value judgment is often preceded by the particle go. This particle attaches a h to a following vowel.

• Tá mé go maith. "I'm fine" (lit. "I am good.")
• Tá an scéal go holc. "The story is bad."
• Bhí an aimsir go hálainn. "The weather was beautiful."

In Ulster, go is not generally used in these cases.

An attributive adjective mostly follows the noun and is inflected:

• an fear beag "the small man"
• an fhir bhig "of the small man" (genitive)

There are four classes of declension of adjectives in Irish, which correspond to the first four declensions of nouns:

	Nom. sg. ends with:	Gen. sg. masc. ends with:	Gen. sg. fem. ends with:
1st decl.	broad cons.	slender consonant	slender consonant + -e
2nd decl.	slender cons.	slender consonant	slender consonant + -e
3rd decl.	slender cons. (mostly -úil)	slender consonant	broad consonant + -a
4th decl.	vowel	= nom. sg.	= nom. sg.

First declension

bocht "poor"	Masc. sg.	Fem. sg.	Plural
Nominative	bocht	bhocht	b(h)ochta
Genitive	bhoicht	boichte	bocht(a)

bacach "lame"	Masc. sg.	Fem. sg.	Plural
Nominative	bacach	bhacach	b(h)acacha
Genitive	bhacaigh	bacaí	bacach(a)

Second declension

ciúin "quiet"	Masc. sg.	Fem. sg.	Plural
Nominative	ciúin	chiúin	c(h)iúine
Genitive	chiúin	ciúine	ciúin(e)

Third declension

misniúil "brave"	Masc. sg.	Fem. sg.	Plural
Nominative	misniúil	mhisniúil	m(h)isniúla
Genitive	mhisniúil	misniúla	misniúil, -úla

cóir "just"	Masc. Sg.	Fem. Sg.	Plural
Nominative	cóir	chóir	c(h)óra
Genitive	chóir	córa	cóir, córa

Fourth declension

This declension does not inflect, but it does mutate.

crua "hard"	Masc. sg.	Fem. sg.	Plural
Nominative	crua	chrua	c(h)rua
Genitive	chrua	crua	crua

Irregular adjectives

Masc. sg. nom. & gen.	Fem. sg. nom.	Fem. sg. gen.	Pl. nom./gen.	Gloss
álainn	álainn	áille	áille	"beautiful"
breá	bhreá	breátha	b(h)reátha	"fine"
deacair	dheacair	deacra	d(h)eacra	"difficult"
gearr	ghearr	giorra	g(h)earra	"short"
socair	shocair	socra	s(h)ocra	"still"
tapaidh	thapaidh	thapaí	t(h)apaí	"fast"
te	the	te	t(h)eo	"hot"
tirim	thirim	tirime	t(h)iorma	"dry"

Notes

• The nominative plural undergoes lenition only if the noun ends with a slender consonant: cait bhacacha "lame cats". Otherwise, the adjective in the nominative plural does not lenite: táilliúrí bacacha "lame tailors".
• The long form of the genitive plural (e.g. bochta, bacacha, ciúine) is used when the noun has a strong plural, e.g. máithreacha bacacha "of lame mothers". The short form (e.g. bocht, bacach, ciúin) is used when the noun has a weak plural, e.g. cat bacach "of lame cats".
• The dative has the same form as the nominative.
• The vocative has the same form as the nominative except in the masculine singular of the 1st/2nd declension, where it has the same form as the genitive.

Comparative

Irish adjectives have a comparative form equivalent to the comparative and superlative in English. The comparative does not undergo inflexion and is the same as the feminine singular genitive in regular and many irregular adjectives.

Regular formation

Base form	Comparative form	Gloss
álainn	áille	"beautiful/more beautiful"
bacach	bacaí	"lame/lamer"
bocht	boichte	"poor/poorer"
ciúin	ciúine	"quiet/quieter"
cóir	córa	"just/more just"
crua	crua	"hard/harder"
deacair	deacra	"difficult/more difficult"
gearr	giorra	"short/shorter"
misniúil	misniúla	"brave/braver"
socair	socra	"still/stiller"
tapaidh	tapaí	"fast/faster"
tirim	tirime	"dry/drier"

Irregular forms

Base form	Comparative form	Gloss
beag	lú	"small/smaller"
breá	breátha	"fine/finer"
dócha	dóichí	"possible/more possible"
fada	faide	"long/longer"
fogus	foisce	"near/nearer"
furasta	fusa	"easy/easier"
iomaí	lia	"many/more"
ionúin	ansa	"beloved, dear/more beloved, dearer"
maith	fearr	"good/better"
olc	measa	"bad/worse"
te	teo	"hot/hotter"
tréan	tréine or treise	"strong/stronger"
mór	mó	"big/bigger"

Syntax of comparison

There are two constructions to express the comparative:

1) Copula + comparative form + subject + ná ("than") + predicate. The preterite of the copula causes lenition, while the present tense does not.

• Ba thréine Cáit ná Cathal. "Cáit was stronger than Cathal."
• Is airde Seán ná mise. "Seán is bigger than me."
• B'óige an madra ná an cat. "The dog was younger than the cat."
• Is fearr Gaeilge bhriste ná Béarla cliste. "Broken Irish is better than clever English."

2) níos/ní ba/ní b’ + comparative + ná + predicate. Níos is used if the sentence is in the present or future tense.

Ní ba/ní b’, which triggers lenition, is used if the sentence is in the past tense. Ní b’ is used before words starting with vowels and ní ba before those starting with consonants.

• Tá an ghrian níos gile ná an ghealach. "The sun is brighter than the moon."
• Beidh Peadar níos saibhre ná a athair. "Peadar will be richer than his father."
• D'éirigh Peadar ní ba shaibhre ná a athair. "Peadar became richer than his father."
• Bhí Seán ní b’airde ná mise. "Seán was bigger than me."

A superlative is expressed as a relative clause: noun + is/ba/ab + comparative form.

• an cailín is tréine "the strongest girl" (lit. "the girl who is the strongest")
• an cailín ba thréine "the strongest girl" (lit. "the girl who was/would be the strongest")
• an buachaill is óige "the youngest boy" (lit. "the boy who is the youngest")
• an buachaill ab óige "the youngest boy" (lit. "the boy who was/would be the youngest")

References

• Christian Brothers (1994). New Irish Grammar. Dublin: C. J. Fallon.
• Gramadach na Gaeilge agus litriú na Gaeilge: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil. Dublin: Oifig an tSoláthair. 1994.
• Alexey Shibakov (2017). Irish Word Forms / Irische Wortformen (Book I&II). Berlin: epubli.