Close central unrounded vowel
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| Close central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɨ | |||
| ï | |||
| ɯ̈ | |||
| IPA number | 317 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɨ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0268 | ||
| X-SAMPA | 1 | ||
| Kirshenbaum | i" | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Listen | |||
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The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɨ, namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i.
Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed ⟨ï⟩ (centralized ⟨i⟩) or ⟨ɯ̈⟩ (centralized ⟨ɯ⟩).[2]
The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare post-palatal approximant [j̈].[3]
Contents
Features[edit]
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
/ɨ/ is uncommon as a phoneme in Indo-European languages, occurring most commonly as an allophone in some Slavic languages. However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as /i/ and /u/ both in modern living languages as well as reconstructed proto-languages (such as Proto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark (1986) identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although that is not a defining feature of the entire area).
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese | tupeue | [tupɨə] | 'to know' | Asyik[4] and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi[5] describe this sound as such while Durie[6] describes it as closer to [ɯ] | |
| Angami | Khonoma[7] | prü | [pɻɨ˨] | 'hail stone' | The height varies between close [ɨ] and mid [ə].[7] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. |
| Arhuaco | ikʉ | [ɪk'ɨ] | 'Arhuaco language' | ||
| Chinese | Mandarin | chī (吃) | [tʂʰɨ˥] | 'to eat' | |
| English | Southeastern English[8] | rude | [ɹɨːd] | 'rude' | May be rounded [ʉː], or a diphthong [ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯] instead. |
| Guaraní[9] | yvy | [ɨʋɨ] | 'earth' | ||
| Hausa[10] | [example needed] | Allophone of /i/.[10] | |||
| Irish | Munster[11] | caora | [kɨːɾˠə] | 'sheep' | Allophone of /i/ between broad consonants.[11] See Irish phonology |
| Kalagan[12] | [pɨˈnɨt̪] | 'beard' | |||
| Kashmiri[13] | teer | [ˈt̪ɨːr] | 'cold' | ||
| Kera[14] | [ɡɨ̀ɡɨ̀r] | 'knee' | |||
| Latgalian[15] | dyžan | [ˈd̪ɨʒän̪] | 'very much' | See Latgalian phonology | |
| Mongolian[16] | хүчир | [xutʃʰɨɾɘ̆] | 'difficult' | ||
| Mono[17] | dɨ | [dɨ] | 'count' | ||
| Paicî[18] | [example needed] | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɯ⟩. | |||
| Romanian[19] | înot | [ɨˈn̪o̞t̪] | 'I swim' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[20] | ты |  [t̪ɨ] |
'you' (singular) | Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Sahaptin[21] | [kʼsɨt] | 'cold' | Epenthetic. No lengthened equivalent | ||
| Sema[22] | sü | [ʃɨ̀] | 'to hurt' | Also described as near-close [ɨ̞].[23] | |
| Shipibo[24] | tenaitianronki | [ˈt̪ɨnɐi̞ti̞ɐ̃ɽõ̞ɣi̞] | [translation needed] | Possible realization of /ɯ/ after coronal consonants.[24] | |
| Sirionó[25] | [eˈsɨ] | 'dry wood' | |||
| Swedish | Bohuslän[26] | bli | [blɨᶻː] | 'to become' | A fricated vowel that corresponds to [iː] in Central Standard Swedish.[26] See Swedish phonology |
| Närke[26] | |||||
| Tajik | Bukharan[27] | ғижғиж | [ʁɨʑʁɨʑ] | 'the sound of wood sawing' |
Allophone of /i/ in the environment of uvular consonants.[27] |
| Tamil[28] | வால் | [väːlɨ] | 'tail' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be rounded [ʉ] instead.[28] See Tamil phonology | |
| Tera[29] | zu | [zɨ] | 'said' | ||
| Turkish | Standard[30] | sığ | [sɨː] | 'shallow' | Also described as close back [ɯ][31] and near-close near-back [ɯ̽][32] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɯ⟩. See Turkish phonology |
| Balkans[33] | [example needed] | Word-final merger of standard Turkish sounds /i/ and /ɯ/, shift of /y/ and /u/ into single phoneme due to interactions caused by Balkan sprachbund. Dombrowski[33] transcribes this phoneme as /i/. | |||
| Udmurt[34] | ургетэ, ыргетэ[35] | [ɨrgete] | 'it growls' | ||
| Welsh | Northern dialects[36] | llun | [ɬɨːn] | 'picture' | See Welsh phonology |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[37] | nɨ | [nɨ] | 'be sour' | |
The sound of Polish ⟨y⟩ is often represented as /ɨ/, but actually it is a close-mid advanced central unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed [ɘ̟].[38] Similarly, European Portuguese unstressed ⟨e⟩, often represented as /ɨ/, is actually a near-close near-back unrounded vowel,[39] more narrowly transcribed using ad hoc symbols such as [ɯ̽] (mid-centralized), [ɯ̟] (fronted) and [ʊ̜] (less rounded i.e. unrounded)
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ See e.g. Gimson (2014:133), who transcribes the unrounded central realization of the English GOOSE vowel /uː/ with the symbol [ɯ̈ː].
- ^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
- ^ Asyik, Abdul Gani (1982), "The agreement system in Acehnese" (PDF), Mon-Khmer Studies, 11: 1–33, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2013, retrieved 9 November 2012
- ^ Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad (2003), "Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account", Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities, 15: 9–21
- ^ Mid-vowels in Acehnese Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Blankenship et al. (1993), p. 129.
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 174.
- ^ "Phonological inventory of Paraguayan Guarani". South American Phonological Inventory Database. Berkeley: University of California. 2015.
- ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), p. 90.
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
- ^ Wendel & Wendel (1978), p. 198.
- ^ "Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription". Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- ^ Pearce (2011), p. 251.
- ^ Nau (2011), pp. 9–10.
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
- ^ Olson (2004), p. 235.
- ^ Gordon & Maddieson (1996), p. 118.
- ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 33.
- ^ Hargus & Beavert (2002).
- ^ Teo (2014), p. 28.
- ^ Teo (2012), p. 368.
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 283.
- ^ Firestone (1965), p. ?.
- ^ a b c Riad (2014), p. 21.
- ^ a b Ido (2014), p. 91.
- ^ a b Keane (2004), p. 114.
- ^ Tench (2007), p. 230.
- ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ^ Kılıç & Öğüt (2004)
- ^ a b Dombrowski, Andrew. "Vowel Harmony Loss in West Rumelian Turkish".
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 64, 68.
- ^ ургетыны [Udmurt-Russian dictionary] (in Russian)
- ^ Ball (1984), p. ?.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
References[edit]
- Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (1993), "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami", in Maddieson, Ian, Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 127–141
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Ball, Martin J. (1984), "Phonetics for phonology", in Ball, Martin J.; Jones, G.E, Welsh Phonology, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
- Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas C (1986), "Meso-America as a linguistic area", Language, 62 (3): 530–570, doi:10.2307/415477, JSTOR 415477
- Firestone, Homer L. (1965), "Description and classification of Sirionó: A Tupí-Guaraní language.", Janua linguarum, Series Practica (16), London: Mouton & Co
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Gordon, Matthew J.; Maddieson, Ian (1996), "The phonetics of Paici", in Maddieson, Ian, UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages IV, 93, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 111–124
- Hargus, Sharon; Beavert, Virginia (2002), "Predictable versus Underlying Vocalism in Yakima Sahaptin", International Journal of American Linguistics, 68 (3): 316–340, doi:10.1086/466492
- Ido, Shinji (2014), "Bukharan Tajik", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44 (1): 87–102, doi:10.1017/S002510031300011X
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Nau, Nicole (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, Munich: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-86288-055-3
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (02): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
- Pearce, Mary (2011), "Kera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
- Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–95, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
- Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag (1978), "Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 2 (1): 191–203
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
