Voiced dental and alveolar stops
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| Voiced alveolar stop | |
|---|---|
| d | |
| IPA number | 104 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | d |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0064 |
| X-SAMPA | d |
| Kirshenbaum | d |
| Braille |  |
| Listen | |
The voiced alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental stop, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.
Contents
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced alveolar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
- There are three specific variants of [d]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Voiced dental stop | |
|---|---|
| d̪ | |
| Listen | |
Dental or denti-alveolar[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Eastern[1] | դեմք / demk’ |  [d̪ɛmkʰ] (help·info) |
'face' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
| Western | տալ / dal | [d̪ɑl] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Basque | diru | [d̪iɾu] | 'money' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Belarusian[2] | падарожжа | [päd̪äˈroʐʐä] | 'travel' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Bengali | দাম | [d̪am] | 'price' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[3] | dit | [ˈd̪it̪] | 'finger' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Wu | 唐 | [d̪ɑ̃] | 'the Tang dynasty' | |
| Dinka[4] | dhek | [d̪ek] | 'distinct' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/. | |
| Dutch | Belgian | ding | [d̪ɪŋ] | 'thing' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
| English | Dublin[5] | then | [d̪ɛn] | 'then' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects; in Dublin it may be [d͡ð] instead.[5] See English phonology |
| Southern Irish[6] | |||||
| Geordie[7] | Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7] | ||||
| Ulster[8] | dream | [d̪ɹim] | 'dream' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop. | |
| Esperanto | mondo | [ˈmondo] | 'world' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| French[9] | dais | [d̪ɛ] | 'canopy' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | |
| Georgian[10] | კუდი | [ˈkʼud̪i] | 'tail' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology | |
| Hindustani[11] | दूध / دودھ | [d̪uːd̪ʱ] | 'milk' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Irish | dorcha | [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] | 'dark' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[12] | dare | [ˈd̪äːre] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | |
| Kashubian[13] | [example needed] | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Kyrgyz[14] | дос | [d̪os̪] | 'friend' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Latvian[15] | drudzis | [ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪] | 'fever' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |
| Marathi | दगड | [d̪əɡəɖ] | 'stone' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology | |
| Pashto | ﺪﻮﻩ | [ˈd̪wɑ] | 'two' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Polish[16] | dom | [d̪ɔm] (help·info) |
'home' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[17] | Many dialects | dar | [ˈd̪aɾ] | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology |
| Punjabi | ਦਾਲ | [d̪ɑːl] | 'lentils' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Russian[18] | дышать | [d̪ɨ̞ˈʂatʲ] | 'to breathe' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology | |
| Slovene[19] | danes | [ˈd̪àːnəs̪] | 'today' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Spanish[20] | hundido | [ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞] | 'sunken' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | |
| Turkish | dal | [d̪äɫ] | 'twig' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[21][22] | дерево | [ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ] | 'tree' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek[23] | [example needed] | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[24] | 'dan' | [d̪aŋ] | 'countryside' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
Alveolar[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | дахэ | [daːxa] | 'pretty' | |||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | wada | [waːda] | 'to do' | Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties. | ||
| Bengali | ডাব | [d̠ab] | 'green coconut' | True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. See Bengali phonology. | ||
| Czech | do | [do] | 'into' | See Czech phonology | ||
| Dutch[25] | dak | [dɑk] | 'roof' | See Dutch phonology | ||
| English | Most speakers | dash | [ˈdæʃ] |
'dash' | See English phonology | |
| Finnish | sidos | [ˈsido̞s] | 'bond' | See Finnish phonology | ||
| Greek | ντροπή / dropí | [dro̞ˈpi] | 'shame' | See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hebrew | דואר | [ˈdoʔaʁ] | 'mail' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
| Hungarian | adó | [ˈɒdoː] | 'tax' | See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Indonesian[26] | dacing | [ˈdätʃɪŋ] | 'balancing scale' | |||
| Japanese[27] | 男性的 / danseiteki | [dãnse̞ːte̞ki] | 'masculine' | See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kabardian | дахэ | [daːxa] | 'pretty' | |||
| Korean | 아들 / adeul | [ɐdɯl] | 'son' | See Korean phonology | ||
| Luxembourgish[28] | brudder | [ˈb̥ʀudɐ] | 'brother' | More often voiceless [t].[28] See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
| Malay | dahan | [dähän] | 'branch' | |||
| Maltese | dehen | [den] | 'wit' | |||
| Thai | ดาว | [daːw] | 'star' | |||
| West Frisian | doarp | [ˈdwɑrp] | 'village' | |||
| Yi | ꄿ/dda | [da˧] | 'competent' | |||
Variable[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | دين|rtl=yes}} | [diːn] | 'religion' | Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology. | |
| English | Broad South African[29] | dawn | [doːn] | 'dawn' | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[29][30][31] |
| Scottish[30] | [dɔn] | ||||
| Welsh[31] | [dɒːn] | ||||
| German | Standard[32] | oder | [ˈoːdɐ] |
'or' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[32] See Standard German phonology |
| Norwegian | Urban East[33] | dans | [d̻ɑns] | 'dance' | Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[33] See Norwegian phonology |
| Persian[34] | اداره | [edaːre] | 'office' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[34] See Persian phonology | |
| Slovak[35][36] | do | [d̻ɔ̝] |
'into' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[35][36] See Slovak phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[37] | dag | [dɑːɡ] | 'day' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[37] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
- ^ a b Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". arXiv:0802.4198.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
- ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 120.
- ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 388.
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 47.
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000:22)
- ^ a b Mahootian (2002:287–289)
- ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
- ^ a b Riad (2014:46)
References[edit]
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434
- Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sound, Cambridge University Press
- Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997), Persian, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02311-4
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
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- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
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