Voiceless labiodental fricative
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| Voiceless labiodental fricative | |
|---|---|
| f | |
| IPA number | 128 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | f |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0066 |
| X-SAMPA | f |
| Kirshenbaum | f |
| Braille |  |
| Listen | |
The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a number of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨f⟩.
Contents
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless labiodental fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | фы | [fə] | 'lightning' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | тфы |  [tfə] (help·info) |
'five' | Corresponds to [xʷ] in Kabardian and Proto-Circassian | |
| Albanian | faqe | [facɛ] | 'cheek' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[1] | ظرف | [ðˤɑrf] | 'envelope' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ֆուտբոլ | [fut̪bol] (help·info) |
'football' | |
| Assamese | বৰফ | [bɔɹɔf] | 'snow/ice' | ||
| Basque | fin | [fin] | 'thin' | ||
| Bengali | ফুল | [ful] | 'flower' | Allophone of /pʰ/. See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[3] | fase | [ˈfazə] | 'phase' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chechen | факс / faks | [faks] | 'fax' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 飛 / fēi | [fei̯˥] |
'to fly' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 飛 (traditional) / 飞(simplified) / fēi | [feɪ̯˥] |
See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Coptic | ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ | [ftow] | 'four' | ||
| Czech | foukat | [ˈfoʊ̯kat] | 'to blow' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[4] | fiets | [fits] | 'bike' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | All dialects | fill | [fɪɫ] |
'fill' | See English phonology |
| Cockney[5] | think | [fɪŋk] | 'think' | Socially marked,[6] with speakers exhibiting some free variation with [θ] (with which it corresponds to in other dialects).[7] See th-fronting. | |
| Many British urban dialects[8] | |||||
| Some younger New Zealanders[9][10] | |||||
| Broad South African[11] | More common word-finally. | ||||
| Esperanto | fajro | [ˈfajɾo] | 'fire' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Ewe[12] | eflen | [éflé̃] | 'he spit off' | ||
| French[13] | fabuleuse | [fäbyˈløːz̪] | 'fabulous' | See French phonology | |
| Galician | faísca | [faˈiska] | 'spark' | See Galician phonology | |
| German | fade | [ˈfaːdə] | 'bland' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Goemai | [fat] | 'to blow' | |||
| Greek | φύση / fysī | [ˈfisi] | 'nature' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | ફળ / faļ | [fəɭ] | 'fruit' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hebrew | סופר | [so̞fe̞ʁ] | 'writer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | साफ़/صاف | [sɑːf] | 'clean' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | figyel | [fiɟɛl] | 'he/she pays attention' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian | fantasma | [fän̪ˈt̪äzmä] | 'ghost' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kabardian | фыз | [fəz] | 'woman' | Corresponds to [ʂʷ] in Adyghe and Proto-Circassian | |
| Kabyle | afus | [afus] | 'hand' | ||
| Macedonian | фонетика | [fɔnetika] | 'phonetics' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | feri | [feri] | 'ferry' | ||
| Maltese | fenek | [fenek] | 'rabbit' | ||
| Norwegian | filter | [filtɛɾ] | 'filter' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | فکر | [fekr] | 'thought' | ||
| Polish[14] | futro | [ˈfut̪rɔ] (help·info) |
'fur' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[15] | fogo | [ˈfoɡʊ] | 'fire' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਫ਼ੌਜੀ | [fɔːd͡ʒi] | 'soldier' | ||
| Romanian[16] | foc | [fo̞k] | 'fire' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[17] | орфография | [ɐrfɐˈɡrafʲɪjə] | 'orthography' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Slovak | fúkať | [ˈfu̞ːkäc̟] | 'to blow' | See Slovak phonology | |
| Somali | feex | [fɛħ] | 'wart' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish[18] | fantasma | [fã̠n̪ˈt̪a̠zma̠] | 'ghost' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | kufa | [kufɑ] | 'to die' | ||
| Swedish | fisk | [ˈfɪsk] | 'fish' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish | saf | [säf] | 'pure' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[19] | Фастів | [ˈfɑsʲtʲiw] | 'Fastiv' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese[20] | pháo | [faːw˧ˀ˥] | 'firecracker' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | ffon | [fɔn] | 'stick' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | fol | [foɫ] | 'full' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yi | ꃚ / fu | [fu˧] | 'roast' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[21] | cafe | [kafɘ] | 'coffee' | Used primarily in loanwords from Spanish |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Thelwall (1990:37)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 328.
- ^ Altendorf (1999), p. 7.
- ^ Clark & Trousdale (2010), p. 309.
- ^ Britain (2005), p. 1005.
- ^ Wood (2003), p. 50.
- ^ Gordon & Maclagan (2008), p. 74.
- ^ Bowerman (2004), p. 939.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
References[edit]
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Britain, David (2005), "Innovation diffusion: "Estuary English" and local dialect differentiation: The survival of Fenland Englishes", Linguistics, 43 (5): 995–1022
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Clark, Lynn; Trousdale, Graeme (2010), "A cognitive approach to quantitative sociolinguistic variation: Evidence from th-fronting in Central Scotland", in Geeraerts, Dirk; Kristiansen, Gitte; Peirsman, Yves, Advances in Cognitive Linguistics, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-022645-4
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2008), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: Phonology", in Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd, Varieties of English, 3: The Pacific and Australasia, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 64–76, ISBN 3110208415
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24224-X
- Wood, Elizabeth (2003), "TH-fronting: The substitution of f/v for θ/ð in New Zealand English", New Zealand English Journal, 17: 50–56
