Donald J. Cram

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Donald James Cram
BornApril 22, 1919
Chester, Vermont
DiedJune 17, 2001 (aged 82)
Palm Desert, California[1]
NationalityAmerican
Alma materRollins College
University of Nebraska
Harvard University
Known forCram's rule
Host–guest chemistry
phenonium ions
paracyclophanes
AwardsNobel Prize in Chemistry (1987)
Glenn T. Seaborg Medal (1989)
National Medal of Science (1993)
Guggenheim fellowship (1955)
Scientific career
Fieldschemistry
InstitutionsUCLA, Merck & Co, MIT
Doctoral advisorLouis Fieser

Donald James Cram (April 22, 1919 – June 17, 2001) was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity." They were the founders of the field of host–guest chemistry.

Early life[edit]

Cram was born[2] and raised in Chester, Vermont, to a Scottish immigrant father, and a German immigrant mother. His father died before Cram turned four, leaving him the only male in a family of five. He grew up on Aid to Dependent Children, and learned to work at an early age, doing jobs such as picking fruit, tossing newspapers, and painting houses, while bartering for piano lessons. By the time he turned eighteen, he had worked at least eighteen different jobs.[3]

Cram attended the Winwood High School in Long Island, N.Y.[4] From 1938 to 1941, he attended Rollins College, in Winter Park, Florida on a national honorary scholarship, where he worked as an assistant in the chemistry department, and was active in theater, chapel choir, Lambda Chi Alpha, Phi Society, and Zeta Alpha Epsilon. It was at Rollins that he became known for building his own chemistry equipment. In 1941, he graduated from Rollins College with a B.S. in Chemistry.[3]

In 1942, he graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln with a M.S. in Organic Chemistry,[2] with Norman O. Cromwell serving as his thesis adviser. His subject was "Amino ketones, mechanism studies of the reactions of heterocyclic secondary amines with -bromo-, -unsaturated ketones."[5]

In 1947, Cram graduated from Harvard University with a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry,[2] with Louis Fieser, serving as the adviser on his dissertation on "Syntheses and reactions of 2-(ketoalkyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones"[6]

Career[edit]

From 1942-1945, Cram worked in chemical research at Merck & Co laboratories, doing penicillin research with mentor Max Tishler.[3] Postdoctoral work was as an American Chemical Society postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with John D. Roberts. Cram was the originator of Cram's rule, which provides a model for predicting the outcome of nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds.[7] He published over 350 research papers and eight books on organic chemistry, and taught graduate and post-doctoral students from 21 different countries.[3]

Research[edit]

Crystal structure of a nitrobenzene bound within a hemicarcerand reported by Cram and coworkers[8]

Cram expanded upon Charles Pedersen's ground-breaking synthesis of crown ethers, two-dimensional organic compounds that are able to recognize and selectively combine with the ions of certain metal elements. He synthesized molecules that took this chemistry into three dimensions, creating an array of differently shaped molecules that could interact selectively with other chemicals because of their complementary three-dimensional structures. Cram's work represented a large step toward the synthesis of functional laboratory-made mimics of enzymes and other natural molecules whose special chemical behavior is due to their characteristic structure. He also did work in stereochemistry and Cram's rule of asymmetric induction is named after him.

Professor[edit]

Cram was named an assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1947, and a professor in 1955. He served there until his retirement in 1987. He was a popular teacher, having instructed some 8,000 undergraduates in his career and guided the academic output of 200 graduate students. He entertained his classes by strumming his guitar and singing folk songs.[2] He showed a self-deprecating style, saying at one time:

An investigator starts research in a new field with faith, a foggy idea, and a few wild experiments. Eventually the interplay of negative and positive results guides the work. By the time the research is completed, he or she knows how it should have been started and conducted. [1]

Bibliography[edit]

Technical Reports:

Books:

  1. Cram, Donald J.; Jane M. Cram (1994). Container Molecules and their Guests. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 223 pp. ISBN 978-0-85404-507-5.
  2. Cram, Donald J. (1990). From Design to Discovery. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. pp. 146pp.
  3. Cram, Jane M.; Donald J. Cram (1978). The Essence of Organic Chemistry. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. pp. 456pp.
  4. Hendrickson, James B.; Donald J. Cram; George S. Hammond (1970). Organic Chemistry. Reading, Massachusetts: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1279pp. 3rd ed.
  5. Richards, John; Don Cram; George S. Hammond (1967). Elements of organic chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 444pp.
  6. Cram, Donald J. (1965). Fundamentals of Carbanion Chemistry. New York: Academic Press. pp. 289pp.
  7. Cram, Donald J.; George S. Hammond (1964). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 846pp. 2nd ed.
  8. Cram, Donald J.; George S. Hammond (1959). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 712pp. 1st ed.

Awards and honors[edit]

Personal life[edit]

Cram once admitted that his career wasn't without sacrifice. His first wife was Rollins classmate, Jean Turner, who also graduated in 1941, and went on to receive a master's degree in social work from Columbia University. His second wife, Jane, is a former chemistry professor at Mt. Holyoke College. Cram chose not to have any children, "because I would either be a bad father or a bad scientist."[3]

Cram died of cancer in 2001, at the age of 82.[2]

External links[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Donald J. Cram. "Autobiography". The Nobel Foundation.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Donald Cram, Nobel Laureate and UCLA Chemist, Dies at 82" (Press release). University of California. 2001-06-19. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Donald J. Cram, Ph.D.: A 1941 Rollins College Chemistry Alumnus and winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
  4. ^ James, Laylin K. (1994). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901-1992. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society and Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 146pp. ISBN 978-0-8412-2459-9.
  5. ^ University of Nebraska Research Library entry
  6. ^ Harvard Library Hollis search
  7. ^ Studies in Stereochemistry. X. The Rule of "Steric Control of Asymmetric Induction" in the Syntheses of Acyclic Systems Donald J. Cram, Fathy Ahmed Abd Elhafez J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1952; 74(23); 5828-5835. Abstract
  8. ^ Juyoung Yoon; Carolyn B. Knobler; Emily F. Maverick; Donald J. Cram (1997). "Dissymmetric new hemicarcerands containing four bridges of different lengths". Chem. Commun. (14): 1303–1304. doi:10.1039/a701187c.
  9. ^ National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science
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