Close-mid front rounded vowel
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| Close-mid front rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ø | |
| IPA number | 310 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ø |
| Unicode (hex) | U+00F8 |
| X-SAMPA | 2 |
| Kirshenbaum | Y |
| Braille |  |
| Listen | |
The close-mid front rounded vowel, or high-mid front rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. Acoustically, it is a close-mid front-central rounded vowel.[2] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is ⟨ø⟩, a lowercase letter o with a diagonal stroke through it, borrowed from Danish, Norwegian, and Faroese, which sometimes use the letter to represent the sound. The symbol is commonly referred to as "o, slash" in English.
For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨y⟩, see near-close front rounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨ø⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Contents
Close-mid front compressed vowel[edit]
The close-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ø⟩, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨e͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [e] and labial compression) or ⟨eᵝ⟩ ([e] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨ ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨ø͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.
For the close-mid front compressed vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩, see near-close front compressed vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨ø⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Features[edit]
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence[edit]
Note: Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [example needed] | |||
| Northern[4] | [example needed] | Allophone of /e/ before /l/.[4] | |||
| Breton[5] | eur | [øːʁ] | 'hour' | ||
| Danish | Standard[6] | købe | [ˈkʰøːb̥ə] | 'buy' | Also described as near-close [ø̝ː].[7] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard Belgian[8][9] | neus |  [nøːs] |
'nose' | Also described as central [ɵː].[10] In the Standard Northern variety, it is diphthongized to [øʏ̯].[9][11] See Dutch phonology |
| Many accents[9] | Present in many Eastern and Southern varieties.[12] See Dutch phonology | ||||
| English | Broad New Zealand[13][14] | bird | [bøːd] | 'bird' | Possible realization of /ɵː/. Other speakers use a more open vowel [ø̞ː ~ œː].[13][15] See New Zealand English phonology |
| Cardiff[16] | Lower [ø̞ː ~ œː] in other southern Welsh accents. It corresponds to mid central unrounded [ɜ̝ː] in other Welsh accents and in RP.[17][18][19] | ||||
| Port Talbot[20] | |||||
| Geordie[21][22] | Can be mid central unrounded [ɜ̝ː] instead.[21] | ||||
| South African[23] | Used in General and Broad accents; may be mid [ø̞ː] instead. In the Cultivated variety, it is realized as mid central unrounded [ɜ̝ː].[23] See South African English phonology | ||||
| Estonian[24] | köök | [køːk] | 'kitchen' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Faroese | Standard[25] | høgur | [ˈhøːʋʊɹ] | 'high' | May be a diphthong [øœ ~ øə] instead.[26] See Faroese phonology |
| Suðuroy dialect[27] | bygdin | [ˈpɪktøn] | 'bridges' | Realization of unstressed /i/ and /u/.[27] See Faroese phonology | |
| French[28][29] | peu | [pø] | 'few' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[30][31] | schön | [ʃøːn] (help·info) |
'beautiful' | See Standard German phonology |
| Southern accents[32] | Hölle | [ˈhølə] | 'hell' | Common realization of /œ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[32] See Standard German phonology | |
| Hungarian[33] | nő | [nøː] | 'woman' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Iaai[34] | møøk | [møːk] | 'to close eyes' | ||
| Limburgish | Most dialects[35][36] | beuk | [bøːk²] | 'beech' | Central [ɵː] in Maastricht;[37] the example word is from the Hamont dialect. |
| Lombard | Most dialects[38] | nööf / noeuv | [nøːf] | 'new' | |
| Low German[39] | sön / zeun | [zøːn] | 'son' | May be realized as a narrow closing diphthong in certain dialects.[39] | |
| Portuguese | Micaelense[40] | boi | [bø] | 'ox' | Allophone of /o/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some European speakers[41] | dou | [d̪øw] | 'I give' | ||
| Ripuarian[42] | meusj | [møːʃ²] | 'sparrow' | The example word is from the Kerkrade dialect. | |
| Saterland Frisian[43] | Göäte | [ˈɡøːtə] | 'gutter' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ʏ/ ([ʏ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩ is actually near-close [ø̝ː].[43] | |
| West Frisian | Hindeloopers[44] | beuch | [bøːx] | [translation needed] | Diphthongized to [øy̑] in Standard West Frisian.[44] See West Frisian phonology |
Close-mid front protruded vowel[edit]
| Close-mid front protruded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ø̫ | |
| øʷ | |
| eʷ |
Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as the Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One of them, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨øʷ⟩ or ⟨eʷ⟩ (a close-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.
For the close-mid front protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩, see near-close front protruded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨ø⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Acoustically, the sound is in between the more typical compressed close-mid front vowel [ø] and the unrounded close-mid front vowel [e].
Features[edit]
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian[45][46] | søt | [sø̫ːt] | 'sweet' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel has also been described as central [ɵː].[47] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[48] | öl | [ø̫ːl̪] (help·info) |
'beer' | May be diphthongized to [øə̯]. See Swedish phonology |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Rowley (1990), p. 422.
- ^ Ternes (1992), pp. 431, 433.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
- ^ Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited in Basbøll (2005:48).
- ^ Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–134.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–135.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 607.
- ^ Bauer & Warren (2004), pp. 582, 591.
- ^ Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 591.
- ^ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 380–381.
- ^ Tench (1990), p. 136.
- ^ Penhallurick (2004), p. 104.
- ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 375.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
- ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 116.
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 74–75.
- ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
- ^ a b Þráinsson (2004), p. 350.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ^ Hall (2003), pp. 95, 107.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Maddieson & Anderson (1994), p. 164.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ Loporcaro, Michele (2015). Vowel Length from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–96. ISBN 978-0-19-965655-4.
- ^ a b Prehn (2012), p. 157.
- ^ Variação Linguística no Português Europeu: O Caso do Português dos Açores (in Portuguese)
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
- ^ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 16.
- ^ a b Peters (2017), p. ?.
- ^ a b van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
- ^ While Vanvik (1979) does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. Haugen (1974:40)) state explicitly that it is protruded.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17, 33–35, 37, 343.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), pp. 140-141.
References[edit]
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199229317
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Basbøll, Hans; Wagner, Johannes (1985), Kontrastive Phonologie des Deutschen und Dänischen, Max Niemeyer Verlag, ISBN 978-3-484-30160-3
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Haugen, Einar (1974) [1965], Norwegian-English Dictionary, The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-03874-2
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1990), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Maddieson, Ian; Anderson, Victoria (1994), "Phonetic Structures of Iaai" (PDF), UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, Los Angeles: UCLA, 87: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages II: 163–182
- Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Prehn, Maike (2012). Vowel quantity and the fortis-lenis distinction in North Low Saxon (PDF) (PhD). Amsterdam: LOT. ISBN 978-94-6093-077-5.
- Rowley, Anthony R. (1990), "14 North Bavarian", in Russ, Charles, The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 417–437, ISBN 0-415-00308-3
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald, The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 0-521-23127-2
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- van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001), "13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans, Handbook of Frisian studies, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, pp. 98–116, ISBN 3-484-73048-X
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
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- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
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