Near-close central rounded vowel
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| Near-close central rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʉ̞ | |
| ʊ̈ | |
| ɵ̝ | |
| IPA number | 318 430 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ʊ̈ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+028A U+0308 |
| X-SAMPA | }_o or U\ |
| Braille |    |
The near-close central rounded vowel, or near-high central rounded vowel,[1] is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet can represent this sound in a number of ways (see the box on the right), but the most common symbols are ⟨ʉ̞⟩ (lowered [ʉ]) and ⟨ʊ̈⟩ (centralized [ʊ]) for a protruded vowel, and ⟨ʏ̈⟩ for a compressed vowel. Other possible transcriptions of the protruded variant include ⟨ʊ̟⟩ (advanced [ʊ]) and ⟨ɵ̝⟩ (raised [ɵ]).
The symbol ⟨ᵿ⟩, a conflation of ⟨ʊ⟩ and ⟨ʉ⟩, is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells and the Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch,[2] a pronunciation dictionary for German. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, ⟨ᵿ⟩ represents free variation between /ʊ/ and /ə/.
Contents
Near-close central protruded vowel[edit]
The near-close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʉ̞⟩ or ⟨ʊ̈⟩. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the near-close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ʉ̫˕⟩ or ⟨ʊ̫̈⟩ for the near-close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʉ̞ʷ⟩, ⟨ʊ̈ʷ⟩, ⟨ɨ̞ʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪ̈ʷ⟩ (a near-close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features[edit]
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence[edit]
Note: Because ⟨ʊ⟩ is commonly used for the close-mid near-back rounded vowel (see near-close back rounded vowel), some of the vowels transcribed with ⟨ʊ̈⟩ can actually be close-mid as well. See close-mid central rounded vowel.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Randstad[3] | hut | [ɦɵ̝t] | 'hut' | Found in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Lower [ɵ] in Standard Dutch.[3] See Dutch phonology |
| English | Cockney[4] | good | [ɡʊ̈d] | 'good' | Only in some words, particularly good, otherwise realized as near-back [ʊ].[4] |
| Rural white Southern American[5] | Can be front [ʏ] instead.[5] | ||||
| Southeastern English[6] | May be unrounded [ɪ̈] instead;[6] it corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||
| Ulster[7] | Short allophone of /u/.[7] | ||||
| New Zealand[8][9] | goose | [ɡʉ̞ːs] | 'goose' | Possible realization of /ʉː/.[8][9] See New Zealand English phonology | |
| Shetland[10] | strut | [stɹʊ̈t] | 'strut' | Can be [ɔ̟] or [ʌ] instead.[10] | |
| Irish | Munster[11] | giobal | [ˈɟjʊ̟bˠəɫ̪] | 'rag' | Allophone of /ʊ/ after a slender consonant.[11] See Irish phonology |
| Limburgish | Hamont dialect[12] | bul | [bʉ̞l¹] | 'a paper bag' | Close front [y] or close central [ʉ] in other dialects;[13][14][15] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. |
| Norwegian | Urban East[16] | gull | [ɡʉ̞lː] | 'gold' | The quality has been variously described as near-close front [ʉ̞˖],[17] near-close central [ʉ̞][16] and close central [ʉ],[18] whereas the type of rounding has been variously described as compressed[19][20] and protruded.[20][21] Typically, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Russian[22] | ютиться | [jʉ̞ˈtʲit̪͡s̪ə] | 'to huddle' | Occurs only between palatalized consonants and in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
Near-close central compressed vowel[edit]
| Near-close central compressed vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʏ̈ | |
| ɨ̞͡β̞ | |
| ɨ̞ᵝ |
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel [ʏ], which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɨ̞͡β̞⟩ or ⟨ɪ̈͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɨ̞] or [ɪ̈] and labial compression) and ⟨ɨ̞ᵝ⟩ or ⟨ɪ̈ᵝ⟩ ([ɨ̞] or [ɪ̈] modified with labial compression).
Features[edit]
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian | Urban East[16] | gull | [ɡʏ̈lː] | 'gold' | The quality has been variously described as near-close front [ʏ],[17] near-close central [ʏ̈][16] and close central [ÿ],[18] whereas the type of rounding has been variously described as compressed[19][20] and protruded.[20][21] Typically, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Swedish[23] | duell | [dʏ̈ˈɛ̝lː] | 'duel' | Unstressed allophone of /ɵ/ in some environments;[24] can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ̞⟩. See Swedish phonology | |
Notes[edit]
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Krech et al. (2009:171). The authors use that symbol to transcribe the vowel in Urban East Norwegian that is otherwise normally transcribed as ⟨ʉ̞⟩ or simply ⟨ʉ⟩.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:128, 131). The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central [ɵ̟], but more sources (e.g. van Heuven & Genet (2002) and Verhoeven (2005)) describe it as central [ɵ]. As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.
- ^ a b Mott (2011), p. 75.
- ^ a b Thomas (2004), pp. 303, 308.
- ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 174.
- ^ a b Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^ a b Melchers (2004), p. 42.
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), pp. 221, 223.
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ a b c d Popperwell (2010), pp. 30–31.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 13.
- ^ a b Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15, 21.
- ^ a b Haugen (1974), p. 40.
- ^ a b c d Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b Popperwell (2010), pp. 29, 31.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 38.
- ^ Riad (2014), pp. 28-29.
- ^ Riad (2014), p. 27.
References[edit]
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Haugen, Einar (1974) [1965], Norwegian-English Dictionary, The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-03874-2
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "7.3.10 Norwegisch", Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mannell, Robert; Cox, Felicity; Harrington, Jonathan (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Melchers, Gunnel (2004), "English spoken in Orkney and Shetland: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 35–46, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Mott, Brian (2011), "Traditional Cockney and Popular London Speech" (PDF), Dialectologia, 9: 69–94, ISSN 2013-2247
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
- Thomas, Erik R. (2004), "Rural Southern white accents", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- van Heuven, Vincent J.; Genet, Roos (2002). Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de u van put?. Dag van de Fonetiek. Utrecht. A summary of the presentation can be found here.
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
