Near-close central unrounded vowel
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| Near-close central unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɨ̞ | |
| ɪ̈ | |
| IPA number | 317 430 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ɪ̈ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+026A U+0308 |
| X-SAMPA | 1_o or I\ |
| Braille |    |
| Listen | |
The near-close central unrounded vowel, or near-high central unrounded vowel,[1] is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet can represent this sound in a number of ways (see the box on the right), but the most common symbols are ⟨ɨ̞⟩ (lowered [ɨ]) and ⟨ɪ̈⟩ (centralized [ɪ]). Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɪ̠⟩ (retracted [ɪ]) and ⟨ɘ̝⟩ (raised [ɘ]), with the latter symbol being the least common. The X-SAMPA equivalents are, respectively, 1_o, I\, I_- and @\_r.
In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed ⟨ɪ⟩, which captures its height; in the American tradition it is more often ⟨ɨ⟩, which captures its centrality, or ⟨ᵻ⟩,[2] which captures both. ⟨ᵻ⟩ is also used in a number of other publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, ⟨ᵻ⟩ represents free variation between /ɪ/ and /ə/.
Contents
Features[edit]
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
Note: Because ⟨ɪ⟩ is commonly used for the close-mid near-front unrounded vowel (see near-close front unrounded vowel), some of the vowels transcribed with ⟨ɪ̈⟩ can be actually close-mid as well. See close-mid central unrounded vowel.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amharic[3] | ሥር | [sɨ̞r] | 'root' | Often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. | |
| Berber | Central Atlas Tamazight[4] | [orthographic form?] | [χdɪ̈m] | 'to work' | Epenthetically inserted into consonant clusters before labial and coronal consonants. |
| English | Inland Southern American[5] | good | [ɡɪ̈d] | 'good' | Corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology |
| Southeastern English[6] | May be rounded [ʊ̈] instead;[6] it corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||
| London[7][8] | lip | [lɪ̈ʔp] | 'lip' | Possible realization of /ɪ/.[7][8] | |
| South African[9] | [lɪ̈p] | For some speakers it can be equal to [ə]. General and Broad varieties of SAE have an allophonic variation, with [ɪ] ([i] in Broad) occurring near velar and palatal consonants, and [ɪ̈~ə] elsewhere. See South African English phonology | |||
| Southern American[10] | Allophone of /ɪ/ before labial consonants, sometimes also in other environments.[10] | ||||
| Irish | Munster[11] | goirt | [ɡɨ̞ɾˠtʲ] | 'salty' | Allophone of /ɪ/ between broad consonants.[11] See Irish phonology |
| Ulster[12] | [example needed] | Allophone of /ɪ/.[12] | |||
| Mah Meri[13] | [d͡ʑäbɨ̞ʔ͡k̚] | 'to be drunk' | |||
| Mapudungun[14] | müṉa | [mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝] | 'male cousin on father's side' | Unstressed allophone of /ɘ/.[14] | |
| Russian[15] | кожа |  [ˈkʷo̞ʐ̺ɨ̞] |
'skin' | Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants and in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
| Sema[16] | sü | [ʃɨ̞̀] | 'to hurt' | Also described as close [ɨ].[17] | |
| Tera[18] | vur | [vɨ̞r] | 'to give' | Allophone of /ɨ/ in closed syllables.[18] | |
| Turkish | Standard[19] | acı | [äˈd͡ʒɨ̞] | 'pain' | Allophone of /ɯ/ in final open syllable of a phrase.[19] See Turkish phonology |
| Welsh | Northern dialects[20] | pump | [pɨ̞mp] | 'five' | Merges with /ɪ/ in southern dialects. See Welsh phonology |
Notes[edit]
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Pullum & Ladusaw (1996:298)
- ^ Hayward & Hayward (1999:47)
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971:15)
- ^ Wells (1982:534–535)
- ^ a b Lodge (2009:174)
- ^ a b Altendorf & Watt (2004:188–189)
- ^ a b Mott (2012:75)
- ^ Lass (2002:113–115)
- ^ a b Wells (1982:534)
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000)
- ^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999:114)
- ^ Kruspe & Hajek (2009), p. 244.
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:38)
- ^ Teo (2012:368)
- ^ Teo (2014:28)
- ^ a b Tench (2007:231)
- ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ^ Ball (1984:?)
References[edit]
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971), A Reference Grammar of Tamazight, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Ball, Martin J. (1984), "Phonetics for phonology", in Ball, Martin J.; Jones, G.E, Welsh Phonology, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
- Hayward, Katrina; Hayward, Richard J. (1999), "Amharic", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–50, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kruspe, Nicole; Hajek, John (2009), "Mah Meri", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (2): 241–248, doi:10.1017/S0025100309003946
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mott, Brian (2012), "Traditional Cockney and popular London speech", Dialectologia, RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert), 9: 69–94, ISSN 2013-2247
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1996), Phonetic Symbol Guide, Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226685366
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
