Near-open central vowel
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| Near-open central vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɐ | |
| IPA number | 324 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ɐ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0250 |
| X-SAMPA | 6 |
| Kirshenbaum | &" |
| Braille |   |
| Listen | |
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded |
The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɐ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter a.
In English this vowel is most typically transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʌ⟩, i.e. as if it were open-mid back. That pronunciation is still found in some dialects, but most speakers use a central vowel like [ɐ].
While the IPA does not specify the rounding of [ɐ],[2] its rounded variant has been reported to occur as a phoneme only in Sabiny, which contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[3][4]
In certain languages (e.g. Bulgarian, Cantonese and Portuguese), the symbol ⟨ɐ⟩ is used instead of ⟨ɜ⟩ to denote the open-mid central unrounded vowel.[5][6][7][8]
Contents
Near-open central unrounded vowel[edit]
The near-open central unrounded vowel is the most common type of the near-open central vowel, and is thus typically transcribed simply as ⟨ɐ⟩, which is the convention used in this article. If its unroundedness needs to be specified, it can be done by adding the less rounded diacritic to the near-open central vowel symbol: ⟨ɐ̜⟩, by combining the lowered diacritic with the open-mid central unrounded vowel symbol: ⟨ɜ̞⟩, by combining the centralized diacritic with the near-open front unrounded vowel symbol: ⟨æ̈⟩, or by combining the mid-centralized diacritic with either the open front unrounded vowel symbol: ⟨a̽⟩, or with the open back unrounded vowel: ⟨ɑ̽⟩. The last two symbols are equivalent to the more complex symbols ⟨ä̝⟩ and ⟨ɑ̝̈⟩, respectively.
In some languages (such as Bengali, Cantonese or Cypriot Greek)[9][7][10] it is the only open vowel, in place of the more common open central unrounded vowel.
Features[edit]
- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali[9] | পা / pa | [pɐ] | 'leg' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Bengali phonology | |
| Burmese[11] | မတ် | [mɐʔ] | 'vertical' | Allophone of /a/ in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized; realized as fully open [ä] in open oral syllables.[12] | |
| Catalan | Barcelona metropolitan area[13][14] |
emmagatzemar | [ɐm(ː)ɐɣ̞ɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä] | 'to store' | Corresponds to [ə] in other dialects. See Catalan phonology |
| Chinese | Cantonese[7] | 沙 / saa1 | [sɐː˥] | 'sand' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨aː⟩; the Cantonese vowel that is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐ⟩ is actually open-mid [ɐ̝].[7] See Cantonese phonology |
| Shanghainese[15] | [kɐʔ˦] | 'to cut' | |||
| Cipu | Tirisino dialect[16] | pata! | [pɐ̀tɐ́] | 'beg!' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[16] |
| Danish | Standard[17] | fatter | [ˈfa̝d̥ɐ] | 'understands' | May be realized as [ɒ̜̽] or [ə̠] instead.[17] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard Northern[18] | hart | [ɦɐrt] | 'hart' | Allophone of /ɑ/ before /r/; usually realized as a diphthong [ɐə̯] instead.[18] See Dutch phonology |
| Randstad[18] | |||||
| English | Australian[19] | nut | [nɐt] | 'nut' | ⟨ʌ⟩ may be used to transcribe this vowel. In Australia and New Zealand it may be fronted [ɐ̟] or somewhat lower [ä].[19][20] See English phonology, Australian English phonology and New Zealand English phonology |
| California[21] | |||||
| New Zealand[20][22] | |||||
| Received Pronunciation[23] | |||||
| Cultivated South African[24] | nurse | [nɐːs] | 'nurse' | Possible realization of the NURSE vowel /ɜː/.[24][25] See South African English phonology | |
| Older Received Pronunciation[25] | |||||
| Scottish[26] | stack | [stɐ̟k] | 'stack' | Fronted; corresponds to [æ] in other dialects, and also [ɑː] in some other dialects. | |
| Cockney[27][28] | stuck | 'stuck' | Fronted; may be [a] instead. | ||
| Inland Northern American[29] | bet | [bɐt] | 'bet' | Variation of /ɛ/ used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift. | |
| Filipino | tanso | [tɐnˈsɔ] | 'bronze' | ||
| Galician[30][31] | hora | [ˈɔɾɐ] | 'hour' | Unstressed allophone of /a/.[30][31] See Galician phonology | |
| German | Standard[32] | oder |  [ˈoːdɐ] (help·info) |
'or' | The exact height and backness depends on the environment. Sometimes, an opening diphthong of the [əɐ̯]-type is used instead.[32] See Standard German phonology |
| Northern German accents[33] | kommen | [ˈkʰɐmən] | 'to come' | Local realization of /ɔ/; can be back [ɑ] instead.[33] See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | Modern Standard[34][35] | ακακία / akakía | [ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ] | 'acacia' | Also described as open [ä];[36] most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Modern Greek phonology |
| Cypriot[10] | πάννα / panna | [ˈpɐnːɐ] | 'nappy' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. | |
| Hausa[37] | [example needed] | Possible allophone of /a/, which can be as close as [ə] and as open as [ä].[37] | |||
| Hindustani[38] | दस/دَس | [ˈd̪ɐs] | 'ten' | Common realization of /ə/.[38] See Hindustani phonology | |
| Ibibio[39] | [dɐ́] | 'stand' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[39] | ||
| Kaingang[40] | [ˈᵑɡɐ] | 'terra' | Varies between central [ɐ] and back [ɑ].[41] | ||
| Korean[42] | 하나 / hana | [hɐnɐ] | 'one' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Korean phonology | |
| Mapudungun[43] | karü | [ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝] | 'green' | Somewhat raised.[43] | |
| Mono[44] | da | [dɐ] | 'slap' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[44] | |
| Northern Paiute | Mono Lake dialect[45] | pa’a | [pɐʔɐ] | 'high' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[45] |
| Norwegian | Sandnes-mål[46] | baden | [ˈbɐːdən] | 'child' | |
| Romanian | Moldavian dialects[47] | bărbat | [bɐrˈbat] | 'man' | Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian | Standard Moscow[48] | голова | [ɡəɫ̪ɐˈvä] (help·info) |
'head' | Corresponds to [ʌ] in standard Saint Petersburg pronunciation;[48] occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology |
| Sabiny[3] | [example needed] | Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[4] | |||
| Sandawe[49] | dtane | [tɐ́né] | 'pull' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[49] | |
| Sema[50] | ala | [ɐ̀lɐ̀] | 'path' | Also described as open [ä].[51] | |
| Shipibo[52] | kani | [ˈkɐni̞] | 'went' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. | |
| Slovene | Standard[53][54] | brat | [bɾɐ́t̪] | 'brother' | Corresponds to short /a/ in traditional pronunciation.[54] See Slovene phonology |
| Tamambo[55] | calo | [xɐlo] | 'to fence' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[55] | |
| Temne[56] | pam | [pɐ̀m] | 'contest' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[56] | |
| Ukrainian[57] | слива | [ˈslɪwɐ] | 'plum' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian[58] | pjasć | [ˈpʲɐst͡ʃ] | 'fist' | Allophone of /a/ after soft consonants.[58] See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
| Vietnamese[59] | chếch | [cɐ̆jk̚] | 'askance' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə̆⟩. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Xumi | Lower[60] | [Htsʰɐ][clarification needed] | 'salt' | ||
| Upper[61] | [Htsɐ][clarification needed] | 'sinew' | |||
| Yine[62] | [sɐnɐ] | 'field' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. | ||
Near-open central rounded vowel[edit]
| Near-open central rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɐ̹ | |
| ɞ̞ |
The near-open central rounded vowel is an extremely rare sound, reported to occur as a phoneme only in the Sabiny language.[3]
If its roundedness needs to be specified, it can be done by adding the more rounded diacritic to the near-open central vowel symbol: ⟨ɐ̹⟩, by combining the lowered diacritic with the open-mid central rounded vowel symbol: ⟨ɞ̞⟩, or by combining the mid-centralized diacritic with either the open front rounded vowel symbol: ⟨ɶ̽⟩, or with the open back rounded vowel: ⟨ɒ̽⟩. The last two symbols are equivalent to the more complex symbols ⟨ɶ̝̈⟩ and ⟨ɒ̝̈⟩, respectively.
Features[edit]
- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sabiny[3] | [example needed] | Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[4] | |||
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 166.
- ^ a b c d "UPSID 4)S". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ a b c "UPSID SEBEI". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
- ^ a b c d Zee (1999), p. 59.
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
- ^ a b Khan (2010), p. 222.
- ^ a b Arvaniti (1999), p. 4.
- ^ Watkins (2001), p. 293.
- ^ Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
- ^ Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ^ Harrison (1997), pp. 2.
- ^ Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ a b McGill (2014), pp. 308–309.
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005), p. 58.
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003), p. 130.
- ^ a b Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
- ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ^ Ladefoged (1999), p. 42.
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 186.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 615.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 281.
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 305.
- ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
- ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved March 15, 2013
- ^ a b Regueira (2010), pp. 13–14.
- ^ a b Freixeiro Mato (2006), p. 112.
- ^ a b Krech et al. (2009), p. 86.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 25.
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 89.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
- ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), pp. 90–91.
- ^ a b Ohala (1999), p. 102.
- ^ a b Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
- ^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 92.
- ^ a b Olson (2004), p. 235.
- ^ a b Babel, Houser & Toosarvandani (2012), p. 240.
- ^ Ims (2010), p. 14.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
- ^ a b Eaton (2006), p. 237.
- ^ Teo (2012), p. 368.
- ^ Teo (2014), p. 28.
- ^ Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
- ^ Jurgec (2007), p. 2.
- ^ a b Jurgec (2005), pp. 9, 12.
- ^ a b Riehl & Jauncey (2005), p. 257.
- ^ a b Kanu & Tucker (2010), p. 249.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 31.
- ^ Hoang (1965), p. 24.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
- ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 388.
- ^ Urquía Sebastián & Marlett (2008), p. 366.
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