Close-mid front unrounded vowel
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| Close-mid front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| e | |
| IPA number | 302 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | e |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0065 |
| X-SAMPA | e |
| Kirshenbaum | e |
| Braille |  |
| Listen | |
The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Contents
Features[edit]
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[2] | bed | [bet] | 'bed' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. The height varies between close-mid [e] and mid [ɛ̝].[2] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Azerbaijani | gecə | [ɟeˈd͡ʒæ] | 'night' | ||
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [example needed] | |||
| Catalan[4] | més | [mes] | 'more' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Shanghainese[5] | 该 | [ke̠ʔ˩] | 'should' | Near-front; realization of /ɛ/, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]), which appears only in closed syllables.[5] |
| Czech | Brno accent[6] | led | [let] | 'ice' | Corresponds to [ɛ ~ ɛ̠ ~ ɛ̝̈] in standard Czech.[7] See Czech phonology |
| Danish | Standard[8][9] | hæl | [ˈheːˀl] | 'heel' | Realized as mid [ɛ̝ː] in the conservative variety;[10] most often, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Belgian[11] | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Australian[12] | bed | [bed] | 'bed' | See Australian English phonology |
| General American[13] | may | [meː] | 'may' | Most often a closing diphthong [eɪ].[13] | |
| General Indian[14] | |||||
| General Pakistani[15] | Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker. | ||||
| Geordie[16] | |||||
| Scottish[17] | |||||
| Singaporean[18] | |||||
| Ulster[19] | Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast. | ||||
| Some Cardiff speakers[20] | square | [skweː] | 'square' | More often open-mid [ɛː].[20] | |
| Estonian[21] | keha | [ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ] | 'body' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Faroese[22] | frekur | [ˈfɹeː(ʰ)kʊɹ] | 'greedy' | May be a diphthong [eɛː ~ eəː] instead.[23] See Faroese phonology | |
| French[24][25] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 'beauty' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[26][27] | Seele |  [ˈzeːlə] |
'soul' | See Standard German phonology |
| Many speakers[28] | Jäger | [ˈjeːɡɐ] | 'hunter' | Outcome of the /ɛː–eː/ merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions.[28] See Standard German phonology | |
| Southern accents[29] | Bett | [b̥et] | 'bed' | Common realization of /ɛ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[29] See Standard German phonology | |
| Swabian accent[29] | Contrasts with the open-mid [ɛ].[29] See Standard German phonology | ||||
| Greek | Sfakian[30] | [example needed] | Corresponds to mid [e̞] in Modern Standard Greek.[31] See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hungarian[32] | hét | [heːt̪] | 'seven' | Also described as mid [e̞ː].[33] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[34] | stelle | [ˈs̪t̪elle] | 'stars' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kaingang[35] | kre | [ˈkɾe] | 'thigh' | ||
| Latin | Classical [36] | spes | [speːs] | 'hope' | |
| Limburgish | Most dialects[37][38][39] | leef | [leːf] | 'dear' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
| Lower Sorbian[40] | měŕ | [merʲ] | 'measure!' | Diphthongized to [i̯ɛ] in slow speech.[40] | |
| Luxembourgish[41] | drécken | [ˈdʀekən] | 'to push' | Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [ɛ].[41] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Norwegian[42][43] | le | [leː] | 'laugh' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian.[42][43] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | سه | [se] | 'three' | ||
| Polish[44] | dzień | [d͡ʑeɲ̟] |
'day' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[45] | mesa | [ˈmezɐ] | 'table' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | Muntenian dialects[46] | vezi | [vezʲ] | '(you) see' | Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian[47] | шея | [ˈʂejə] |
'neck' | Occurs only before soft consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Saterland Frisian[48] | tään | [te̠ːn] | 'thin' | Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ is actually near-close [e̝ː].[48] | |
| Shiwiar[49] | [example needed] | Allophone of /a/.[49] | |||
| Slovak | Dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ[32] | dcéra | [ˈt͡seːrä] | 'daughter' | Mid [ɛ̝ː] in Standard Slovak.[32] See Slovak phonology |
| Sotho[50] | ho jwetsa | [hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈] | 'to tell' | Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[50] See Sotho phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[51][52] | se | [s̪eː] | 'see' | Often diphthongized to [eə̯] (hear the word: [s̪eə̯]). See Swedish phonology
|
| Tahitian | vahine | [vahine] | 'woman' | ||
| Upper Sorbian[40][53] | wem | [ɥem] | 'I know' | Diphthongized to [i̯ɛ] in slow speech.[40][54] See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
| Yoruba[55] | [example needed] | ||||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[56] | zied | [zied̪] | [translation needed] | Allophone of /e/ that occurs mostly after /i/. In other environments, the most common realization is central [ɘ].[56] |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/".
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ Palková (1999), p. 187.
- ^ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
- ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 487.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 626.
- ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1010.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ^ Deterding (2000), p. ?.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 74–75.
- ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b c d Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
- ^ a b c Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
- ^ Wheelock's Latin (1956).
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ a b c d Stone (2002), p. 600.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), pp. 13-14.
- ^ a b Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 106.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 44.
- ^ a b Peters (2017), p. ?.
- ^ a b Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
- ^ a b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 32–33.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.
- ^ a b Merrill (2008), pp. 109–110.
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