Nasal labialized velar approximant
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| Nasal labialized velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| w̃ |
The nasal labio-velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w̃⟩, that is, a w with a tilde. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w~.
The nasal approximants [ȷ̃] and [w̃] may also be called nasal glides. In some languages like Portuguese, they form a second element of nasal diphthongs.
Contents
Features[edit]
Features of the nasal labio-velar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate (the velum) while rounding the lips.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaingang[1] | [w̃ĩ] | 'to see' | Possible word-initial realization of /w/ before a nasal vowel.[2] | ||
| Polish | są | [sɔũ̯] | 'they are' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Most dialects[3][4] | são | [sɐ̃w̃] | 'they are' | Allophone of /w/ after nasal vowels. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some dialects[5] | muamba | [ˈmw̃ɐ̃bɐ] | 'smuggling', 'jobbery', 'stash' |
Non-syllabic allophone of /u/ between nasal sounds. | |
| Seri | cmiique | [ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ] | 'person' | Allophone of /m/ | |
| Shipibo[6] | ? | [βɐ̃ˈw̃ɐ̃] | 'parrot' | Allophone of /w/ after nasal vowels.[6] | |
| Uwa | táw̃aya | [ˈtaw̃aja] | 'yellow' | ||
See also[edit]
- Palatal nasal
- Nasal palatal approximant
- Labiodental nasal, which may be an approximant in the one language in which it is phonemic
- Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes[edit]
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:681)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:127)
- ^ Bisol (2005:179)
- ^ Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
References[edit]
- Bisol, Leda (2005), Introdução a estudos de fonologia do português brasileiro (in Portuguese), Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul: EDIPUCRS, ISBN 85-7430-529-4
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
