Itonama language
| Itonama | |
|---|---|
| Region | Bolivia |
| Ethnicity | 2,900 (2006)[1] |
Native speakers | 5 (2007)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ito |
| Glottolog | iton1250[2] |
Itonama is a moribund language isolate spoken in the Amazonian lowlands of north-eastern Bolivia. Greenberg’s (1987) classification of Itonama as Paezan, a sub-branch of Macro-Chibchan, remains unsupported and Itonama continues to be considered an isolate or unclassified language.
Contents
Phonology[edit]
Vowels[edit]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
Diphthongs: /ai au/.
Consonants[edit]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | Plain | p | t | tʲ | k | ʔ | |
| Ejective | tʼ | kʼ | |||||
| Voiced | b | d | |||||
| Affricate | Plain | tʃ | |||||
| Ejective | tʃʼ | ||||||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||||
| Semivowel | w | j | |||||
The postalveolar affricates /tʃ tʃʼ/ have alveolar allophones [ts tsʼ]. Variation occurs between speakers, and even within the speech of a single person.
The semivowel /w/ is realized as a bilabial fricative [β] when preceded and followed by identical vowels.
Morphology[edit]
Itonama is a polysynthetic, head-marking, verb-initial language with an accusative alignment system along with an inverse subsystem in independent clauses, and straightforward accusative alignment in dependent clauses.
Nominal morphology lacks case declension and adpositions and so is simpler than verbal morphology (which has body-part and location incorporation, directionals, evidentials, verbal classifiers, among others).[3]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Itonama at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Itonama". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Crevels, M. Who did what to whom in Magdalena. p. 3.
- Crevels, Mily (2002). "Itonama o Sihnipadara, Lengua no clasificada de la Amazonía Boliviana" (PDF). Estudios de Lingüística (in Spanish). 16.
External links[edit]
- Sample of Itonama fragment
- Lenguas de Bolivia (online edition)
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| Indigenous languages |
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| Sign languages | |||||||||||
Italics indicate extinct languages still recognized by the Bolivian constitution. | |||||||||||
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