Torricelli languages
| Torricelli | |
|---|---|
| Torricelli Range – Sepik Coast | |
| Geographic distribution | New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | nucl1708 (Nuclear Torricelli)[1] |
The Torricelli languages are a family of about fifty languages of the northern Papua New Guinea coast, spoken by only about 80,000 people. They are named after the Torricelli Mountains. The most populous and best known Torricelli language is the Arapesh, with about 30,000 speakers.
The most promising[clarification needed] external relationship for the Torricelli family is the Sepik languages. In reconstructions of both families, the pronouns have a plural suffix *-m and a dual suffix *-p.
The Torricelli languages occupy three geographically separated areas, evidently separated by migrations of Sepik-language speakers several centuries ago.
Classification[edit]
Wilhelm Schmidt linked the Wapei and Monumbo branches, and the coastal western and eastern extremes of the family, in 1905. The family was more fully established by David Laycock in 1965. Most recently, Ross broke up Laycock and Z’graggen's (1975) Kombio branch, placing the Kombio language in the Palei branch and leaving Wom as on its own, with the other languages (Eitiep, Torricelli (Lou), Yambes, Aruek) unclassified due to lack of data. Usher tentatively separates Monumbo, Marienberg, and the Taiap (Gapun) isolate in a 'Sepik Coast' branch, separated from the rest of the family.[2]
- Sepik Coast
- Torricelli Range
- Wom
- Arapesh languages (see)
- Maimai branch: Nambi (Nabi), Wiaki (Minidien), Beli, Laeko, Maimai proper (Siliput, Yahang–Heyo)
- West Wapei branch: Seti, Seta, One (a dialect cluster)
- Wapei branch: Gnau, Yis, Yau, Olo, Elkei, Au, Yil, Ningil, Dia–Sinagen (both Alu, Galu), Yapunda, Valman
- Palei branch: Urim, Urat, Kombio, Agi, Aruop, Wanap (Kayik), Amol (Alatil, Aru), Aiku (Ambrak, Yangum)
Ethnologue also lists Bragat in the Palei branch.
Typological overview[edit]
The Torricelli languages are unusual among Papuan languages in having a basic clause order of SVO (subject–verb–object). (In contrast, most Papuan languages have SOV order.) It was previously believed that the Torricelli word order was a result of contact with Austronesian languages, but it is now thought more likely that SVO order was present in the Torricelli proto-language. [3]
Pronouns[edit]
The pronouns Ross[citation needed] reconstructs for proto-Torricelli are
I *ki we two *ku-p we *ku-m, *əpə thou *yi, *ti you two *ki-p you *ki-m, *ipa he *ətə-n, *ni they two (M) *ma-k they (M) *ətə-m, *ma, *apa- she *ətə-k, *ku they two (F) *kwa-k they (F) *ətə-l
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Nuclear Torricelli". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "Sepik Coast - newguineaworld". sites.google.com. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ Donohue 2005.
Bibliography[edit]
- Donohue, Mark (2005). "Word order in New Guinea: dispelling a myth". Oceanic Linguistics. 44: 527–536. doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0033.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005), "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages", in Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 15–66CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
