Movima language
| Movima | |
|---|---|
| Chosineɬ di' mowi:maj [1] | |
| Native to | Bolivia |
| Region | Beni Department |
Native speakers | ca. 1,400 (2006)[1] |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Bolivia[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mzp |
| Glottolog | movi1243[3] |
Movima is a language that is spoken by about 1,400 (nearly half) of the Movima, a group of Native Americans that resides in the Llanos de Moxos region of the Bolivian Amazon, in northeastern Bolivia. It is considered a language isolate, as it has not been proven to be related to any other language.
Phonology[edit]
Movima has five vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
/e/ and /o/ more closely resemble [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, than the close-mid vowels [e] and [o]. Vowels have a phonemic length distinction, although some prosodic processes can lengthen otherwise short vowels. Movima does not have tone.[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | plain | lab. | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Stop | pulmonic | p | t | tʃ | k (ɡ) | kʷ | ||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||||
| Fricative | (f) β | s | ɬ | h | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | jˀ | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
The plosive /p/ is realized as [p] in the syllable onset but as [pʔᵐ] (which contrasts with the simple nasal phoneme /m/) in the coda. Similarly, /t/ and /k/ are realized as [tʔⁿ] and [ʔɤ] (i.e., as a glottal stop with a vocalic release), respectively, in the syllable coda.[1] In vowel-initial words and between adjacent vowels, an epenthetic glottal stop appears.
The phonemes /f/ and /ɡ/ are only present in Spanish loanwords.
Morphology[edit]
In Movima, compounding and incorporation are productive derivational processes. Reduplication and affixation, including some processes (such as the irrealis marker (k)a') that resemble infixation, are also common. Typical examples of inflection, such as number, case, tense, mood, and aspect, are not obligatorily marked in Movima.[1] Many derivational processes can be applied to a single Movima word. The same morpheme may appear multiple times in one word this way, for instance, tikoy-na-poj-na "I make X kill Y."
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Katharina Haude (2006). "A grammar of Movima" (PDF). Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
- ^ "Constitution of Bolivia, Article 5. I." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-21.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Movima". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "WALS – Movima". World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
External links[edit]
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Italics indicate extinct languages still recognized by the Bolivian constitution. | |||||||||||
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