Near-open front unrounded vowel
Near-open front unrounded vowel | |
---|---|
æ | |
a̝ | |
IPA number | 325 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | æ |
Unicode (hex) | U+00E6 |
X-SAMPA | { |
Kirshenbaum | & |
Braille | |
Listen | |
The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is simply an open or low front unrounded vowel.[2] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨æ⟩, a lowercase of the ⟨Æ⟩ ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".
The rounded counterpart of [æ], the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish;[3][4] see open front rounded vowel for more information.
In practice, ⟨æ⟩ is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information.
Contents
Features[edit]
IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | Standard[5] | perd | [pæːrt] | 'horse' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before sequences /rs/, /rt/, /rd/ and, in some dialects, before /k x l r/. See Afrikaans phonology |
Arabic | Standard[6] | كتاب | [kiˈtæːb] (help·info) | 'book' | Allophone of /a/ in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as /j/ (depending on the speaker's accent). See Arabic phonology |
Bengali | দেখ | [d̪ækʰ] | 'meaning' | Used by some speakers instead of /ɛ/. See Bengali phonology | |
Berber | ⴰⵎⴰⵏ | [æmæ] | 'water' | ||
Catalan[7][8][9] | Valencian | tesi | [ˈt̪æzi] | 'thesis' | Main realization of /ɛ/. See Catalan phonology |
set | [s̠æ̠t̪] | 'seven' | Near-front. Allophone of /ɛ/ found in contact with liquids and in monosyllabic terms. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩ | ||
Majorcan | |||||
Minorcan | |||||
Some Valencian and Balearic speakers[10] | llamp | [ʎ̟æmp] | 'lightning' | Allophone of /a/ in contact with palatal consonants. In some variants it can merge with /ɛ/. | |
Western Catalan[11][12] | taula | [ˈt̪ɑ̟wɫæ̝] | 'table' | Somewhat retracted. Unstressed allophone of /a/ in the coda. It can alternate with rounded allophones in the Valencian dialects. | |
Danish | Standard[3][13] | Dansk | [ˈd̥a̝nsɡ̊] | 'Danish' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩ - the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers.[14] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Standard[15] | pen | [pæn] | 'pen' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /n/ and the velarized or pharyngealized allophone of /l/. In non-standard accents this allophone is generalized to other positions, where [ɛ] is used in Standard Dutch.[16] See Dutch phonology |
Some accents[17] | bet | [bæt] | '(I) bathe' | ||
The Hague dialect[18] | maar | [mæːʁ] | 'but' | Allophone of /aː/ before /r/; more open [aː] in Standard Dutch.[18] See Dutch phonology | |
English | Australian[19] | cat | [kʰæt] (help·info) | 'cat' | Many younger speakers realize it as fully open [a],[20] whereas in broader accents it may be open-mid [ɛ]. See English phonology and Australian English phonology |
Cultivated New Zealand[21] | Higher in other New Zealand varieties. See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
General American[22] | |||||
Received Pronunciation[23] | Lower [a] for many younger speakers | ||||
Norfolk[24] | [kʰæ̠t] | Near-front.[24] | |||
Cockney[25] | town | [tˢæːn] | 'town' | May be lower [aː] or a diphthong [æə̯] instead. It corresponds to /aʊ̯/ in other dialects | |
Estonian[26] | väle | [ˈvæ̠le̞ˑ] | 'agile' | Near-front.[26] See Estonian phonology | |
Finnish[27] | mäki | [ˈmæki] | 'hill' | See Finnish phonology | |
French | Parisian[28] | bain | [bæ̃] | 'bath' | Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃⟩. See French phonology |
Quebec[29] | ver | [væːʁ] | 'worm' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /ʁ/ or in open syllables, and of /a/ in closed syllables.[29] See Quebec French phonology | |
German | Standard Austrian[30] | oder | [ˈoːdæ] | 'or' | Used by some speakers instead of [ɐ].[30] See Standard German phonology |
West Central German accents[31] | Used instead of [ɐ].[31] See Standard German phonology | ||||
Chemnitz dialect[32] | Werk | [v̞æ̠ˤːʃ] | 'work' | Near-front; may be a backing diphthong [ɛːɒ̯ˤ] instead. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨aˤː⟩.[32] | |
Northern accents[33] | alles | [ˈa̝ləs] | 'everything' | Lower and often also more back in other accents.[33] See Standard German phonology | |
Western Swiss accents[34] | spät | [ʃpæːt] | 'late' | Open-mid [ɛː] or close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid /ɛː/.[35] See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | Macedonia[36] | γάτα/gáta | [ˈɣætæ] | 'cat' | See Modern Greek phonology |
Thessaly[36] | |||||
Thrace[36] | |||||
Pontic[37] | καλάθια/kaláthia | [kaˈlaθæ] | 'baskets' | ||
Hungarian[38] | nem | [næm] | 'no' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Hungarian phonology | |
Lakon[39] | rävräv | [ræβræβ] | 'evening' | ||
Limburgish | Many dialects[40][41][42] | twelf | [ˈtβ̞æ̠ləf] | 'twelve' | Front[41][42] or near-front,[40] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is near-front. |
Luxembourgish | Standard[43] | Käpp | [kʰæpʰ] | 'heads' | See Luxembourgish phonology |
Some speakers[44] | Kap | [kʰa̝ːpʰ] | 'cap' | Possible phonetic realization of /aː/; more often open near-front [a̠ː] instead.[45] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Norwegian | Urban East[46][47] | lær | [læːɾ] | 'leather' | See Norwegian phonology |
Persian | هشت | [hæʃt] | 'eight' | ||
Portuguese | Some dialects[48] | pedra | [ˈpæðɾɐ] | 'stone' | Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer /ɛ/. See Portuguese phonology |
Some European speakers[49] | também | [tɐˈmæ̃] | 'also' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. | |
Ripuarian | Kerkrade dialect[50] | den | [dæn] | 'because' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /m, n, ŋ, l, ʀ/.[50] |
Romanian | Bukovinian dialect[51] | piele | [ˈpæle] | 'skin' | Corresponds to [je] in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.[51] See Romanian phonology |
Russian[52][53] | пять | [pʲætʲ] (help·info) | 'five' | Allophone of /a/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
Sinhala | ඇය | [æjə] | 'she' | ||
Serbo-Croatian | Zeta-Raška dialect | дан/dan | [d̪æn̪] | 'day' | Regional reflex of Proto-Slavic *ь and *ъ. Sometimes nasalised.[54] |
Slovak | Some speakers[55] | väzy | [ˈʋæzi̞] | 'ligaments' | Many speakers pronounce it the same as [ɛ̝]. See Slovak phonology |
Swedish | Central Standard[56][57][58] | ära | [²æːɾä] (help·info) | 'hono(u)r' | Allophone of /ɛː, ɛ/ before /r/. See Swedish phonology |
Stockholm[58] | läsa | [²læːsä] | 'to read' | Realization of /ɛː, ɛ/ for younger speakers. Higher [ɛː, ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] for other speakers | |
Turkish[59] | sen | [s̪æn̪] | 'you' | Allophone of /e/ before syllable-final /m, n, l, r/. In a limited number of words (but not before /r/), it is in free variation with [e̞].[59] See Turkish phonology |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
- ^ a b Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:46)
- ^ Donaldson (1993:3)
- ^ Holes (2004:60)
- ^ Recasens (1996:81)
- ^ Recasens (1996:130–131)
- ^ Rafel (1999:14)
- ^ Saborit (2009:24–25)
- ^ Recasens (1996:?)
- ^ Saborit (2009:25–26)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:32)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 129)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 128–129, 131)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 131)
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:133)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
- ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017:179)
- ^ Gordon & Maclagan (2004:609)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009c), Roach (2004:242)
- ^ a b Lodge (2009:168)
- ^ Wells (1982:309)
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009:368)
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013:226)
- ^ a b Walker (1984:75)
- ^ a b Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:342)
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:40)
- ^ a b Khan & Weise (2013:236–237)
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:64)
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:65)
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34, 64–65)
- ^ a b c Newton (1972:11)
- ^ Revithiadou & Spyropoulos (2009:41)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ François (2005:466)
- ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ a b Peters (2006:119)
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70–71)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:71)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ Popperwell (2010:16, 21–22)
- ^ Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo Page 186.
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
- ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16)
- ^ a b Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:50)
- ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224–225)
- ^ Okuka 2008, p. 171.
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^ Eliasson (1986:273)
- ^ Thorén & Petterson (1992:15)
- ^ a b Riad (2014:38)
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
References[edit]
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