Voiced velar stop

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Voiced velar stop
ɡ
IPA number110
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɡ
Unicode (hex)U+0261
X-SAMPAg
Kirshenbaumg
Braille⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)
Listen

The voiced velar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in many spoken languages.

Some languages have the voiced pre-velar stop,[1] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced velar stop, though not as front as the prototypical voiced palatal stop.

Conversely, some languages have the voiced post-velar stop,[2] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced velar stop, though not as back as the prototypical voiced uvular stop.

IPA symbol[edit]

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɡ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is g. Strictly, the IPA symbol is the so-called single-storey G Opentail g.svg, but the double-storey G Looptail g.svg is considered an acceptable alternative. The Unicode character U+0067 g LATIN SMALL LETTER G renders as either a single-storey G or a double-storey G depending on font; the character U+0261 ɡ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G is always a single-storey G, but it is generally available only in fonts with the IPA Extensions Unicode character block.

Features[edit]

Features of the voiced velar stop:

Occurrence[edit]

Of the six stops that would be expected from the most common pattern worldwide—that is, three places of articulation plus voicing ([p b, t d, k ɡ])—[p] and [ɡ] are the most frequently missing, being absent in about 10% of languages that otherwise have this pattern. Absent stop [p] is an areal feature (see also Voiceless bilabial stop). Missing [ɡ], on the other hand, is widely scattered around the world, for example /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch, Czech, Finnish or Slovak and occurs only in borrowed words in those languages. A few languages, such as Modern Standard Arabic and urban Levantine dialects, are missing both, although most Modern Arabic dialects have /ɡ/ in their native phonemic systems as a reflex of ⟨ق⟩ or less commonly of ⟨ج⟩.

It seems that [ɡ] is somewhat more difficult to articulate than the other basic stops. Ian Maddieson speculates that this may be due to a physical difficulty in voicing velars: Voicing requires that air flow into the mouth cavity, and the relatively small space allowed by the position of velar consonants means that it will fill up with air quickly, making voicing difficult to maintain in [ɡ] for as long as it is in [d] or [b]. This could have two effects: [ɡ] and [k] might become confused, and the distinction is lost, or perhaps a [ɡ] never develops when a language first starts making voicing distinctions. With uvulars, where there is even less space between the glottis and tongue for airflow, the imbalance is more extreme: Voiced [ɢ] is much rarer than voiceless [q].[3]

Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [ɡ].

Examples[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz ажыга [aˈʐəɡa] 'shovel' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe Shapsug гьэгуалъэ About this sound[ɡʲaɡʷaːɬa]  'toy' Dialectal. Corresponds to [d͡ʒ] in other dialects.
Temirgoy чъыгы About this sound[t͡ʂəɡə]  'tree' Dialectal. Corresponds to [ɣ] in other dialects.
Albanian gomar [ˈɡomaɾ] 'donkey'
Arabic[4] Moroccan أݣادير [ʔaɡaːdiːr] 'Agadir'
Tunisian ڨفصة‎ [ɡɑfsˤɑ] 'Gafsa' ڨ⟩ is also used in Algeria
Hejazi قمر [ɡamar] 'moon' Corresponds to [q] in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic.
Najdi [ɡəmar]
Sa'idi [ɡɑmɑr]
Yemeni قال [gæːl] '(he) said' Pronunciation of ⟨ق⟩ in San'ani dialect in the North and Center and Hadhrami in the East
جمل [gæmæl] 'camel' Pronunciation of ⟨ج⟩ in Ta'izzi-Adeni dialects in the South and Tihami in the West
Egyptian راجل [ˈɾɑːɡel] 'man' Standard pronunciation of ⟨ج⟩ in Egypt and corresponds to //, /ʒ/ or /ɟ/ in other pronunciations.
Armenian Eastern[5] գանձ About this sound[ɡɑndz]  'treasure'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ɡana [ɡaːna] 'self' Used predominantly in Iraqi Koine. Corresponds to [dʒ] in Urmia, some Tyari and Jilu dialects.
Azerbaijani qara [ɡɑɾɑ] 'black'
Basque galdu [ɡaldu] 'lose'
Bengali গান [ɡan] 'song' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian гора [ɡora] 'wood' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[6] gros [ɡɾɔs] 'large' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Southern Min [ɡua] 'I' Only in colloquial speech.
Wu [ɡuɑ̃] 'crazy'
Xiang [ɡoŋ] 'together'
Chechen говр [ɡovr] 'horse'
Czech gram [ɡram] 'gram' See Czech phonology
Dutch All dialects zakdoek About this sound[ˈzɑɡduk]  'handkerchief' Allophone of /k/, occurring only before voiced consonants in native words. See Dutch phonology
Standard[7]
Many speakers goal About this sound[ɡoːɫ]  'goal' Only in loanwords. Some speakers may realize it as [ɣ] ~ [ʝ] ~ [χ] ~ [x] (like a normal Dutch ⟨g⟩), or as [k].
Amelands goëd [ɡuə̯t] 'good'
English gaggle About this sound[ˈɡæɡɫ̩] 'gaggle' See English phonology
Esperanto bongusta [bonˈgusta] 'tasty' See Esperanto phonology
Filipino gulo [ɡulɔ] 'war'
French[8] gain [ɡæ̃] 'earnings' See French phonology
Georgian[9] ული [ˈɡuli] 'heart'
German ge [ˈlyːɡə] 'lie' See Standard German phonology
Greek γκάρισμα/gkárisma [ˈɡɐɾizmɐ] 'donkey's bray' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati ગાવું/vu [needs IPA] 'to sing' See Gujarati phonology
Hebrew גב [ɡav] 'back' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani गाना / گانا [ɡɑːnɑː] 'song' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian engedély [ɛŋɡɛdeːj] 'permission' See Hungarian phonology
Irish gaineamh [ˈɡanʲəw] 'sand' See Irish phonology
Italian[10] gare [ˈɡäːre] 'competitions' See Italian phonology
Japanese[11] 外套/gaitō [ɡaitoː] 'overcoat' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian Baslaney гьанэ About this sound[ɡʲaːna]  'shirt' Dialectal. Corresponds to [dʒ] in other dialects.
Kagayanen[12] kalag [kað̞aɡ] 'spirit'
Korean 메기/megi [meɡi] 'catfish' See Korean phonology
Lithuanian garai [ɡɐrɐɪ̯ˑ] 'steam' See Lithuanian phonology
Luxembourgish[13] agepack [ˈɑɡəpaːk] [translation
needed
]
More often voiceless [k].[13] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian гром [ɡrɔm] 'thunder' See Macedonian phonology
Malay guni [ɡuni] 'sack'
Marathi वत [ɡəʋət] 'grass' See Marathi phonology
Norwegian gull [ɡʉl] 'gold' See Norwegian phonology
Persian گوشت [guʃt] 'meat'
Polish[14] gmin About this sound[ɡmʲin̪]  'plebs' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[15] língua [ˈɫĩɡwɐ] 'tongue' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਗਾਂ [ɡɑ̃ː] 'cow'
Romanian[16] gând [ɡɨnd] 'thought' See Romanian phonology
Russian[17] голова About this sound[ɡəɫɐˈva]  'head' See Russian phonology
Slovak miazga [ˈmjäzɡä] 'lymph' See Slovak phonology
Somali gaabi [ɡaːbi] 'to shorten' See Somali phonology
Spanish[18] gato [ˈɡät̪o̞] 'cat' See Spanish phonology
Swahili giza [ˈɡīzɑ] 'darkness' See Swahili phonology
Swedish god [ɡuːd̪] 'tasty' May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
Turkish salgın [säɫˈɡɯn] 'epidemic' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[19] ґанок [ˈɡɑ.n̪ok] 'steps' See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisian gasp [ɡɔsp] 'buckle' (n.) See West Frisian phonology
Yi /gge [ɡɤ˧] 'hear'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[20] gan [ɡaŋ] 'will be able' Depending on speaker and carefulness of speech, [ɡ] may be lenited to [ɣ]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
  2. ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
  3. ^ WALS Online : Chapter 5 – Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
  4. ^ Watson (2002), pp. 16–17.
  5. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  6. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  7. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  8. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  9. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  10. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  11. ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
  12. ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  13. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  14. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  15. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  16. ^ DEX Online : [1]
  17. ^ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
  18. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  19. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  20. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.

References[edit]

  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
  • Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
  • Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press