Voiceless uvular fricative
Voiceless uvular fricative | |||
---|---|---|---|
χ | |||
IPA number | 142 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | χ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+03C7 | ||
X-SAMPA | X | ||
Kirshenbaum | X | ||
Braille | |||
| |||
Listen | |||
The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨χ⟩, the Greek chi, or, in broad transcription, ⟨x⟩, the Latin and English letter x, although the latter technically represents the voiceless velar fricative. The sound is represented by ⟨x̣⟩ (ex with underdot) in Americanist phonetic notation.
For a voiceless pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiceless velar fricative.
Contents
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless uvular fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."[1] See voiceless uvular raised non-sonorant trill for more information.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abkhaz | хҧа | [χpʰa] | 'three' | Contrasts with labialized and palatalized forms. See Abkhaz phonology | ||
Adyghe | пхъашэ | [pχaːʃa] (help·info) | 'rough' | |||
Afrikaans[2][3] | goed | [χut] | 'good' | May be a voiceless trill [ʀ̥] when word-initial. Some speakers realize it as velar [x].[2] See Afrikaans phonology | ||
Aleut | Atkan dialect | hatix̂ | [hɑtiχ] | 'ten' | ||
Arabic | Modern Standard[4] | خضراء | [χadˤraːʔ] | 'green' (f.) | May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[4] See Arabic phonology | |
Archi | хол | [χol] | 'arm' | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | khokha | [χɔ:χa:] | 'nectarine' | May be velar [x] for some speakers. | ||
Armenian | Eastern[5] | խոտ | [χot] (help·info) | ‘grass’ | ||
Avar | орх | [orχ] | 'to lift' | Contrasts with a tense form | ||
Bashkir | хат | [χɑt] | 'letter' | |||
Chilcotin | ʔalax | [ʔælaχ] | 'I made it' | |||
Danish | Standard[6] | pres | [ˈpχa̝s] | 'pressure' | Before /r/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /r/.[7] Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʁ̥⟩ or simply ⟨ʁ⟩. See Danish phonology. | |
Dutch | Standard Northern[8][9] | acht | [ɑχt] | 'eight' | May be post-velar, either a fricative [x̠][8] or a trill fricative [ʀ̝̊˖].[10] See Dutch phonology | |
English | Scouse[11] | clock | [kl̥ɒχ] | 'clock' | Possible word-final realization of /k/.[11] | |
Welsh[12][13] | Amlwch | [ˈamlʊχ] | 'Amlwch' | Occurs only in loanwords from Welsh;[12] usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See English phonology | ||
White South African English[3][14] | gogga | [ˈχɒχə] | 'insect' | Less commonly velar [x], occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans and Khoisian.[3] Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See English phonology | ||
Eyak | da.x̣ | [daːχ] | 'and' | |||
French | proche | [pχɔʃ] | 'nearby' | Allophone of /ʁ/ before or after voiceless obstruent. See French phonology | ||
German | Standard[15] | Dach | [daχ] | 'roof' | Appears only after certain back vowels. See Standard German phonology | |
Chemnitz dialect[16] | Rock | [χɔkʰ] | 'skirt' | In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [ʀ̥] and [q].[16] Doesn't occur in the coda.[16] | ||
Lower Rhine[17] | Wirte | [ˈvɪχtə] | 'hosts' | In free variation with [ɐ] between a vowel and a voiceless coronal consonant. | ||
Swiss | mich | [mɪχ] | 'me' (acc.) | Some speakers; others have velar [x]. Swiss German makes no distinction between /x/ and [ç]. | ||
Haida | ḵ'aláax̂an | [qʼʌlɑ́χʌn] | 'fence' | |||
Hebrew[18] | צָרַח | [ʦˤaraχ] | 'Shout' | May be a trilled fricative instead.[18] See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
Kabardian | пхъэ | [pχa] (help·info) | 'wood' | |||
Kabyle | axxam | [aχχam] | 'house' | |||
Klallam | sx̣aʔqʷaʔ | [sχaʔqʷaʔ] | 'salmon backbone' | |||
Lakota | ȟóta | [ˈχota] | 'gray' | |||
Lezgian | хат | [χatʰ] | 'bead' | Contrasts with a labialized form | ||
Limburgish | Hamont dialect[19] | jòr | [jɔːχ¹] | 'year' | Word-final allophone of /ʀ/; can be a fricative trill [ʀ̝̊] instead.[19] | |
Luxembourgish[20] | Zuch | [t͡suχ] | 'train' | See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
Ongota | [χibiɾi] | 'bat' | ||||
Oowekyala | c̓k̓vx̌tthkc | [t͡sʼkʷʼχtʰt͡ɬʰkʰt͡sʰ] | 'the invisible one here with me will be short' | |||
Ossetic | Iron | хæдзар | [χəˈzär] | 'house' | ||
Nez Perce | [ˈχəχɑˑt͡s] | 'grizzly bear' | ||||
Portuguese | Fluminense | anarquia | [ɐ̃näχˈki.ɐ] | 'anarchy' | In free variation with [x], [ʁ ~ ʀ], [ħ] and [h] before voiceless consonants. | |
General Brazilian[21] | marrom | [mäˈχõː] | 'brown' (noun) | Some dialects, corresponds to rhotic consonant /ʁ/. See Portuguese phonology | ||
Saanich | wexes | [wəχəs] | 'small frogs' | Contrasts with a labialized form | ||
Seri | xeecoj | [χɛːkox] | 'wolf' | Contrasts with a labialized form | ||
Spanish | European[22][23] | ojo | [ˈo̞χo̞] (help·info) | 'eye' | May be post-velar instead.[22][24][25] It's also an allophone of /x/ before back vowels and [w][26] for speakers with a velar /x/. It corresponds to [x ~ h] in southern Spain and Latin America.[24] See Spanish phonology | |
Peruvian | ||||||
Ponce dialect[27] | perro | [ˈpe̞χo̞] | 'dog' | This and [ʀ̥] are the primary realizations of /r/ in this dialect.[27] See Spanish phonology | ||
Swedish | Southern | sjuk | [χʉːk] | 'sick' | Dialectal. See Swedish phonology | |
Tlingit | tlaxh | [tɬʰɐχ] | 'very' | Contrasts with labialized, ejective and labialized ejective form | ||
Ubykh | [χɐpɬɨ́] | 'pink' | One of ten distinct uvular fricative phonemes. See Ubykh phonology | |||
Uyghur | یاخشی/yaxshi | [jɑχʃi] | 'good' | |||
Welsh | carchar | [ˈkarχar] | 'jail' | See Welsh phonology | ||
West Frisian | berch | [bɛrχ] | 'mountain' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | ||
Yiddish | בוך | [bʊχ] | 'book' | See Yiddish phonology | ||
Central Alaskan Yup'ik | arrluk | [ˈaχɬuk] | 'killer whale, orca' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 167.
- ^ a b "John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?". 5 December 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Bowerman (2004:939): "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme /x/ (see Lass (2002:120)), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative [χ] rather than the velar."
- ^ a b Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 18.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), pp. 62, 65–66.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:191). The source says that it is a fricative with a "very energetic articulation with considerable scrapiness", i.e. a trill fricative.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 372–373.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 389.
- ^ Tench (1990), p. 132.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 619.
- ^ Hall (1993:100), footnote 7, citing Kohler (1990)
- ^ a b c Khan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
- ^ Hall (1993), p. 89.
- ^ a b Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2007), p. 220.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), pp. 5–6.
- ^ a b Lyons (1981), p. 76.
- ^ Harris & Vincent (1988), p. 83.
- ^ a b Chen (2007), p. 13.
- ^ Hamond (2001:?), cited in Scipione & Sayahi (2005:128)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
- ^ a b "ProQuest Document View - The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A phonetic, phonological, and intonational analysis".
References[edit]
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Chen, Yudong (2007), A Comparison of Spanish Produced by Chinese L2 Learners and Native Speakers---an Acoustic Phonetics Approach
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743
- Hamond, Robert M. (2001), The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application, Cascadilla Press, ISBN 978-1-57473-018-0
- Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1988), "Spanish", The Romance Languages, pp. 79–130, ISBN 0-415-16417-6
- Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (2003), A Grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017683-1
- Hess, Wolfgang (2001), "Funktionale Phonetik und Phonologie" (PDF), Grundlagen der Phonetik, Bonn: Institut für Kommunikationsforschung und Phonetik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Kohler, Klaus (1990), "Comment on German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (02): 44–46, doi:10.1017/S002510030000428X
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19814-8
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–99, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lyons, John (1981), Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-54088-9
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Scipione, Ruth; Sayahi, Lotfi (2005), "Consonantal Variation of Spanish in Northern Morocco", in Sayahi, Lotfi; Westmoreland, Maurice, Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics (PDF), Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Volume 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-52128540-2, 0-52128541-0