Voiceless alveolar affricate
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A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:
- The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate [t͡s] is the most common type and has an abrupt hissing sound, as the ts in English cats.
- The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. It is found e.g. in Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.
- The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [t͡θ̠] or [t͡θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is somewhat similar to the th in some pronunciations of English eighth. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence /tr/ in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.
- The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ] is found in certain languages, such as Cherokee, Icelandic and Nahuatl.
Contents
Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate[edit]
| Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate | |
|---|---|
| ts | |
| IPA number | 103 132 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ʦ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A6 |
| X-SAMPA | ts |
| Kirshenbaum | ts |
| Listen | |
The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡s⟩ or ⟨t͜s⟩ (formerly with ⟨ʦ⟩ or ⟨ƾ⟩). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in many Indo-European languages, such as German, Pashto, Russian and most other Slavic languages such as Polish and Serbo-Croatian; also, among many others, in Georgian, in Japanese, in Mandarin Chinese, and in Cantonese. Some international auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua also include this sound.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
- There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
- Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [s] is very strong.[1]
- Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʃ] or laminal [ʂ].
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
The following sections are named after the fricative component.
Dentalized laminal alveolar[edit]
Non-retracted alveolar[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Najdi[24] | كلب | [t͡salb] | 'dog' | Corresponds to /k/ and /t͡ʃ/ in other dialects |
| Asturian | Some dialects[25] | otso | [ot͡so] | 'eight' | Corresponds to standard /t͡ʃ/ |
| Basque[3] | hots | [ot̻͡s̺] | 'sound' | The fricative component is apical. Contrasts with a laminal affricate with a dentalized fricative component.[3] | |
| Catalan[26] | potser | [puˈtt̻͡s̺e] | 'maybe' | The fricative component is apical. See Catalan phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik[27] | cetaman | [t͡səˈtaman] | 'four' | Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before schwa | |
| Danish | Standard[28] | to | [ˈt̻͡s̺oːˀ] | 'two' | The fricative component is apical.[28] In some accents, it is realized as [tʰ].[28] Usually transcribed /tˢ/ or /t/. Contrasts with the unaspirated stop [t], which is usually transcribed /d̥/ or /d/. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[29] | mat | [ˈmät͡s] | 'market' | Optional pre-pausal allophone of /t/.[29] |
| English | Broad Cockney[30] | tea | [ˈt͡səˑi̯] | 'tea' | Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /t/.[31][32] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[32] | [ˈt͡sɪˑi̯] | ||||
| New York[33] | Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of /t/.[33] See English phonology | ||||
| New Zealand[34] | Word-initial allophone of /t/.[34] See English phonology | ||||
| North Wales[35] | [ˈt͡siː] | Word-initial and word-final allophone of /t/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [tʰ].[35] See English phonology | |||
| Scouse[36] | Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /t/.[36] See English phonology | ||||
| General South African[37] | wanting | [ˈwɑnt͡sɪŋ] | 'wanting' | Possible syllable-final allophone of /t/.[37] | |
| Filipino | tsokolate | [t͡sokɔlate] | 'chocolate' | ||
| Georgian[38] | კაცი | [kʼɑt͡si] | 'man' | ||
| Luxembourgish[39] | Zuch | [t͡suχ] | 'train' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Marathi | चाप | ['t͡sapə] | 'clip' | Represented by /च/, which also represents [t͡ʃ]. It is not a marked difference. | |
| Portuguese | European[40] | parte sem vida | [ˈpaɾt͡sẽj ˈviðə] | 'lifeless part' | Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of /i ~ ɨ ~ e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[41] |
| Brazilian[40][41] | participação | [paʁt͡sipaˈsɜ̃w] | 'participation' | ||
| Most speakers[42] | shiatsu | [ɕiˈat͡su] | 'shiatsu' | Marginal sound. Many Brazilians might break the affricate with epenthetic [i], often subsequently palatalizing /t/, specially in pre-tonic contexts (e.g. tsunami [tɕisuˈnɜ̃mʲi]).[43] See Portuguese phonology | |
| Spanish | Madrid[44] | ancha | [ˈänʲt͡sʲä] | 'wide' | Palatalized;[44] with an apical fricative component. It corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in standard Spanish. See Spanish phonology |
| Chilean | |||||
| Some Rioplatense dialects | tía | ['t͡sia̞] | 'aunt' | ||
Variable[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Standard[45] | Zeit | [t͡säɪ̯t] | 'time' | The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[45] See Standard German phonology |
| Italian | Standard[46] | grazia | [ˈɡrät̚t͡sjä] | 'grace' | The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.[46] See Italian phonology |
Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate[edit]
| Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
|---|---|
| tɹ̝̊ | |
| tθ̠ | |
| tθ͇ |
Features[edit]
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | General American[47] | tree |  [tɹ̝̊ʷɪi̯] |
'tree' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/; more commonly postalveolar [t̠ɹ̠̊˔].[47] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[47] | |||||
| Italian | Sicily[48] | straniero | [stɹ̝̊äˈnjɛɾo] | 'foreign' | Apical. Regional realization of the sequence /tr/; may be a sequence [tɹ̝̊] or [tɹ̝] instead.[49] See Italian phonology |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
- ^ Kozintseva (1995), p. 6.
- ^ a b c d Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010:1). Although this paper discusses mainly the Goizueta dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
- ^ Padluzhny (1989), pp. 48-49.
- ^ Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 109–110.
- ^ Lin (2001), pp. 17–25.
- ^ Palková (1994), pp. 234–235.
- ^ Szende (1999), p. 104.
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ Kara (2002), p. 10.
- ^ Kara (2002), p. 11.
- ^ a b Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
- ^ Rocławski (1976), pp. 160.
- ^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Chew (2003), p. 67.
- ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". arXiv:0802.4198.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38).
- ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
- ^ Lewis jr. (2013), p. 5.
- ^ (in Asturian) Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana Archived 2013-03-23 at the Wayback Machine, page 14
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2007), p. 144.
- ^ Jacobson (1995), p. 2.
- ^ a b c Grønnum (2005), p. 120.
- ^ a b Peters (2010), p. 240.
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 323.
- ^ a b Gimson (2014), p. 172.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 515.
- ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 100.
- ^ a b Penhallurick (2004), pp. 108–109.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 372.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2013), p. 194.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ a b (in Portuguese) Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS – Alice Telles de Paula Page 14
- ^ a b Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte – Camila Tavares Leite
- ^ Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro – Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis
- ^ A influência da percepção inferencial na formação de vogal epentética em estrangeirismos – Aline Aver Vanin
- ^ a b "Castilian Spanish – Madrid by Klaus Kohler".
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), pp. 50 and 52.
- ^ a b Canepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
- ^ a b c Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
- ^ Canepari (1992), p. 64.
- ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.
References[edit]
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- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
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