Voiceless uvular trill
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Voiceless uvular trill | |
---|---|
ʀ̥ | |
IPA number | 123 402A |
Encoding | |
X-SAMPA | R\_0 |
Listen | |
The voiceless uvular trill is less common than its voiced counterpart.
Contents
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless uvular trill:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans[1] | goed | [ʀ̥ut] | 'good' | Possible word-initial allophone of /χ/. Some speakers realize it as velar [x].[1] See Afrikaans phonology | |
Baïnounk Gubëeher | Some speakers[2] | [example needed] | Word-final allophone of /r/. | ||
Dutch | Belgian[3] | door | [doːʀ̥] | 'through' | Allophone of /r/ before voiceless consonants and word-finally for speakers with an uvular /r/.[3] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology |
French | Belgian[4] | triste | [t̪ʀ̥is̪t̪œ] | 'sad' | Allophone of /r/ after voiceless consonants; can be a fricative [χ] instead.[4] See French phonology |
German | Standard[5] | treten | [ˈtʀ̥eːtn̩] | 'to step' | Possible allophone of /r/ after voiceless consonants for speakers that realize /r/ as a uvular trill [ʀ].[5] See Standard German phonology |
Chemnitz dialect[6] | Rock | [ʀ̥ɔkʰ] | 'skirt' | In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [χ] and [q]. Doesn't occur in the coda.[6] | |
Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[7] | geer | [ɣeːʀ̥] | 'odour' | Possible word-final allophone of /r/; may be alveolar [r̥] instead.[8] |
Spanish | Ponce dialect[9] | perro | [ˈpe̞ʀ̥o̞] | 'dog' | This and [χ] are the primary realizations of /r/ in this dialect.[9] See Spanish phonology |
Voiceless uvular raised non-sonorant trill[edit]
Voiceless uvular raised non-sonorant trill | |
---|---|
ʀ̝̊ | |
χ͡ʀ̥ | |
IPA number | 123 402A 429 |
Encoding | |
X-SAMPA | R\_0_r |
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless uvular raised non-sonorant trill:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabic | Modern Standard[10] | خضراء | [x͡ʀ̥adˤraːʔ] | 'green (f)' | Voiceless velar fricative accompanied by a uvular trill.[10] Also reported to be simply a fricative (velar, post-velar, uvular, depending on the dialect).[11] See Arabic phonology |
Dutch | Standard Northern[12] | acht | [ɑʀ̝̊˖t] | 'eight' | Post-velar;[12] also described as a fricative, either post-velar [x̠] or uvular [χ].[13] See Dutch phonology |
Belgian[14][15] | brood | [bʀ̝̊oːt] | 'bread' | Voiced when following a vowel.[16] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology | |
English | Scouse[17] | clock | [kl̥ɒʀ̝̊] | 'clock' | Possible word-final realization of /k/.[17] |
Hebrew[18] | אוכל | [ʔo̞χ͡ʀ̥e̞l] | 'food' | May be simply a fricative instead.[18] See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Limburgish | Some dialects[19][20][21] | waor | [β̞ɒ̝ːʀ̝̊] | 'was' | Allophone of /r/ that has been variously described as occurring in the syllable coda[19][20] and word-final.[21] May be only partially devoiced.[19][20] The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
Spanish | Madrid[22] | jazmín | [x͡ʀ̥äðˈmĩn] | 'jasmine' | Voiceless velar fricative accompanied by a uvular trill.[22] Corresponds to [x ~ χ] in standard European Spanish. See Spanish phonology |
Wolof[23] | [example needed] | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩ or ⟨χ⟩. |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b "John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?". 5 December 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
- ^ Cobbinah (2013), p. 166.
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ a b Demolin (2001), pp. 65, 67-68, 70-71.
- ^ a b Krech et al. (2009), p. 86.
- ^ a b Khan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
- ^ Peters (2006).
- ^ While Peters (2006) does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol ⟨r̥⟩ for many instances of the word-final /r/.
- ^ a b "ProQuest Document View - The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A phonetic, phonological, and intonational analysis".
- ^ a b Thelwall & Sa'Addedin (1999), pp. 51, 53.
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19-20, 35-36, 38.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:191). The source says that it is a fricative with a "very energetic articulation with considerable scrapiness", i.e. a trill fricative.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
- ^ Tops (2009), pp. 25, 30-32, 63, 80-88, 97-100, 105, 118, 124-127, 134-135, 137-138, 140-141.
- ^ Verhoeven (1994:?), cited in Tops (2009:22, 83)
- ^ Tops (2009), p. 83.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 372–373.
- ^ a b Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ a b c Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
- ^ a b c Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2007), p. 220.
- ^ a b "Castilian Spanish - Madrid by Klaus Kohler".
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 167.
References[edit]
- Cobbinah, Alexander Yao (2013), Nominal classification and verbal nouns in Baïnounk Gubëeher (PDF), University of London
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Demolin, Didier (2001), "Some phonetic and phonological observations concerning /ʀ/ in Belgian French", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland, 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 61–73, ISSN 0777-3692
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–99, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Addedin, M. Akram (1999), "Arabic", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–54, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Tops, Evie (2009), Variatie en verandering van de /r/ in Vlaanderen, Brussels: VUBPress, ISBN 9789054874713
- Verhoeven, Jo (1994), "Fonetische Eigenschappen van de Limburgse huig-r", Taal en Tongval, 46: 9–21
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24224-X