Uvular flap
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| Uvular flap | |
|---|---|
| ɢ̆ | |
| ʀ̆ | |
| IPA number | 112 505 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ɢ̆ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0262 U+0306 |
The uvular flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. There is no dedicated symbol for this sound in the IPA. It can specified by adding a 'short' diacritic to the letter for the uvular plosive, ⟨ɢ̆⟩, but normally it is covered by the unmodified letter for the uvular trill, ⟨ʀ⟩,[1] since the two have never been reported to contrast.
The uvular flap is not known to exist as a phoneme in any language.
More commonly, it is said to vary with the much more frequent uvular trill, and is most likely a single-contact trill [ʀ̆] rather than an actual flap [ɢ̆] in these languages. (The primary difference between a flap and a trill is the airstream, not the number of contacts.)
Contents
Features[edit]
Features of the uvular flap:
- Its manner of articulation is flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch[2] | rood | [ʀ̆oːt] | 'red' | More common than a uvular trill.[3] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology | |
| German | Standard[4] | Ehre | [ˈʔeːʀ̆ə] | 'honor' | Common intervocalic realization of uvular trill.[4] See Standard German phonology |
| Hiu[5] | [βɔ̞ʀ̆] | 'hibiscus' | |||
| Ibibio[6] | ufʌkọ | [úfʌ̟̀ɢ̆ɔ̞] | [translation needed] | Intervocalic allophone of /k/; may be a velar approximant [ɰ] instead.[6] | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[7] | weuren | [ˈβ̞øːʀ̆ən] | '(they) were' | Possible intervocalic allophone of /r/; may be alveolar [ɾ] instead.[7] |
| Okanagan | Southern[8] | ʕaləp | [ɢ̆àlə́p] | 'lose' | Allophone of /ʕ/; corresponds to [ʕ] in other dialects.[8] |
| Supyire[9] | tadugugo | [taduɢ̆uɢ̆o] | 'place to go up' | May be in free variation [ɡ].[9] | |
| Wahgi[10] | [example needed] | Allophone of /ʟ̝/.[10] | |||
| Yiddish | Standard[11] | בריק | [bʀ̆ɪk] | 'bridge' | Less commonly a trill [ʀ]; can be alveolar [ɾ ~ r] instead.[11] See Yiddish phonology |
Notes[edit]
- ^ Bruce Connell, Lower Cross Wordlist
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 42 and 199.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 42.
- ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 46.
- ^ François (2005), p. 44.
- ^ a b Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ^ a b Peters (2006), p. 118.
- ^ a b Kinkade (1967), pp. 232.
- ^ a b Carlson (1994), p. 10.
- ^ a b Phillips (1976), p. ?.
- ^ a b Kleine (2003), p. 263.
References[edit]
- Carlson, Robert (1994). A Grammar of Supyire. Walter de Gruyter.
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages", Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2)
- Kinkade, M. Dale (1967). "Uvular-Pharyngeal Resonants in Interior Salish". International Journal of American Linguistics. 33 (3): 228–234. doi:10.1086/464965.
- Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 261–265, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Phillips, Donald J. (1976). Wahgi Phonology and Morphology.
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
