Voiceless dental and alveolar stops
(Redirected from Voiceless alveolar stop)
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| Voiceless alveolar stop | |
|---|---|
| t | |
| IPA number | 103 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | t |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0074 |
| X-SAMPA | t |
| Kirshenbaum | t |
| Braille |  |
| Listen | |
The voiceless alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental stop can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩, the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.
The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically;[1] the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian (except for Niʻihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar stop [k] for loanwords with [t]), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.[citation needed]
Contents
Features[edit]
Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
- There are three specific variants of [t]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Varieties[edit]
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| t | plain t |
| t̪ | dental t |
| tʰ | aspirated t |
| tʲ | palatalized t |
| tʷ | labialized t |
| t̚ | t with no audible release |
| t̬ | voiced t |
| t͈ | tense t |
| tʼ | ejective t |
Occurrence[edit]
Dental or denti-alveolar[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aleut[2] | tiistax̂ | [t̪iːstaχ] | 'dough' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | տուն |  [t̪un] (help·info) |
'house' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [t̪lɑ] | 'three' | |||
| Belarusian[4] | стагоддзе | [s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe] | 'century' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Basque | toki | [t̪oki] | 'place' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Bengali | তুমি | [t̪umi] | 'you' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[5] | tothom | [t̪uˈt̪ɔm] | 'everyone' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Hakka[6] | 他 ta3 | [t̪ʰa˧] | 'he/she' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form. |
| Dinka[7] | mɛth | [mɛ̀t̪] | 'child' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/. | |
| Dutch | Belgian | taal | [t̪aːl̪] | 'language' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
| English | Dublin[8] | thin | [t̪ʰɪn] | 'thin' | Laminal denti-alveolar, corresponds to [θ] in other dialects; in Dublin it may be [t͡θ] instead.[8] See English phonology |
| Indian | |||||
| Southern Irish[9] | |||||
| Ulster[10] | train | [t̪ɹeːn] | 'train' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop. | |
| Esperanto | Esperanto | [espeˈranto] | 'Who hopes' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Finnish | tutti | [ˈt̪ut̪ːi] | 'pacifier' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology | |
| French[11] | tordu | [t̪ɔʁd̪y] | 'crooked' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | |
| Hindustani[12] | तीन / تین | [t̪iːn] | 'three' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Indonesian[13] | tabir | [t̪abir] | 'curtain' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Italian[14] | tale | [ˈt̪ale] | 'such' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | |
| Kashubian[15] | [example needed] | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Kyrgyz[16] | туз | [t̪us̪] | 'salt' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Latvian[17] | tabula | [ˈt̪äbulä] | 'table' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |
| Mapudungun[18] | füṯa | [ˈfɘt̪ɜ] | 'husband' | Interdental.[18] | |
| Marathi | तबला | [t̪əbˈlaː] | 'tabla' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology | |
| Nunggubuyu[19] | darag | [t̪aɾaɡ] | 'whiskers' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Pazeh[20] | [mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh] | 'keep clapping' | Dental. | ||
| Polish[21] | tom | [t̪ɔm] (help·info) |
'volume' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[22] | Many dialects | montanha | [mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ] | 'mountain' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to [tʃ], [tɕ] and/or [ts] in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology |
| Punjabi | ਤੇਲ | [t̪eːl] | 'oil' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Russian[23] | толстый | [ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j] | 'fat' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[24] | taigh | [t̪ʰɤj] | 'house' | ||
| Slovene[25] | tip | [t̪íːp] | 'type' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Spanish[26] | tango | [ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞] | 'tango' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish[27] | tåg | [ˈt̪ʰoːɡ] | 'train' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology | |
| Temne[28] | [example needed] | -- | Dental. | ||
| Turkish | at | [ät̪] | 'horse' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[29][30] | брат | [brɑt̪] | 'brother' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek[31] | [example needed] | -- | Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.[31] | ||
| Vietnamese[32] | tuần | [t̪wən˨˩] | 'week' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[33] | tant | [t̪ant̪] | 'so much' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
Alveolar[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | тфы | [tfə] (help·info) |
'five' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard | تين tīn | [tiːn] | 'fig' | Articulation may be alveolar or dental depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology |
| Egyptian | توكة tōka | [ˈtoːkæ] | 'barrette' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | ܒܬ | [bet̪a] | 'house' | Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects θ is used. | |
| Bengali | টাকা | [t̠aka] | 'Taka' | True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. See Bengali phonology. | |
| Czech | toto | [ˈtoto] | 'this' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[34] | dåse | [ˈtɔ̽ːsə] | 'can' (n.) | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨d̥⟩ or ⟨d⟩. Contrasts with the affricate [t͡s] or aspirated stop [tʰ] (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨tˢ⟩ or ⟨t⟩.[35] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[36] | taal | [taːɫ] | 'language' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Most speakers | tick | [tʰɪk] |
'tick' | See English phonology |
| New York[37] | Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[37] | ||||
| Finnish | parta | [ˈpɑrtɑ] | 'beard' | Allophone of the voiceless dental stop. See Finnish phonology | |
| Hebrew | תמונה | [tmuna] | 'image' | see Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian[38] | tutaj | [ˈtutɒj] | 'raft' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Japanese[39] | 特別 / tokubetsu | [tokɯbetsɯ] | 'special' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | тхуы | [txʷə] (help·info) |
'five' | ||
| Korean | 돌 / dol | [tol] | 'stone' | See Korean phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[40] | dënn | [tən] | 'thin' | Less often voiced [d]. It is usually transcribed /d/, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.[40] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | tahun | [tähʊn] | 'year' | See Malay phonology | |
| Maltese | tassew | [tasˈsew] | 'true' | ||
| Mapudungun[18] | füta | [ˈfɘtɜ] | 'elderly' | ||
| Nunggubuyu[19] | darawa | [taɾawa] | 'greedy' | ||
| Nuosu[which?] | ꄉ da | [ta˧] | 'place' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms | |
| Portuguese[41] | Some dialects | troço | [ˈtɾɔsu] | 'thing' (pejorative) | Allophone before alveolar /ɾ/. In other dialects /ɾ/ takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology |
| Thai | ตา ta | [taː˥˧] | 'eye' | Contrasts with an aspirated form. | |
| Vietnamese | ti | [ti] | 'flaw' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | tosk | [ˈtosk] | 'tooth' | See West Frisian phonology | |
Variable[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Broad South African[42] | talk | [toːk] | 'talk' | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[42][43][44] |
| Scottish[43] | [tʰɔk] | ||||
| Welsh[44] | [tʰɒːk] | ||||
| German | Standard[45] | Tochter | [ˈtɔxtɐ] | 'daughter' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[45] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek[46] | τρία tria | [ˈtɾiä] | 'three' | Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.[46] See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[47] | dans | [t̻ɑns] | 'dance' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed /d/. It may be partially voiced [d̥], and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.[47] See Norwegian phonology |
| Persian[48] | توت | [t̪ʰuːt̪ʰ] | 'berry' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[48] See Persian phonology | |
| Slovak[49][50] | to | [t̻ɔ̝] | 'that' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[49][50] See Slovak phonology | |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Liberman et al. (1967), p. ?.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 17.
- ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Lee & Zee (2009), p. 109.
- ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115 and 121.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ a b c Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 158.
- ^ Blust (1999), p. 330.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
- ^ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. ?.
- ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". arXiv:0802.4198.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 61.
- ^ Grønnum (2005), p. 120.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 515.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 91.
- ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited (in Portuguese)
- ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 120.
- ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 388.
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 47.
- ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), p. 10.
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), p. 22.
- ^ a b Mahootian (2002:287–289)
- ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
References[edit]
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Blust, Robert (1999), "Notes on Pazeh Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics, 38 (2): 321–365, doi:10.1353/ol.1999.0002
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434
- Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2009), "Hakka Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (107–111): 107, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003599
- Liberman, AM; Cooper, FS; Shankweiler, DP; Studdert-Kennedy, M (1967), "Perception of the speech code", Psychological Review, 74 (6): 431–61, doi:10.1037/h0020279, PMID 4170865
- Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997), Persian, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02311-4
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
- Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
- Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-09
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview (PDF), Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003320
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128540-2, 0-52128541-0.
