Dental and alveolar lateral flaps
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| Alveolar lateral flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɺ | |||
| l̆ | |||
| IPA number | 181 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɺ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+027A | ||
| X-SAMPA | l\ | ||
| Kirshenbaum | *<lat> | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Listen | |||
.svg)
The alveolar lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɺ⟩, a fusion of a rotated lowercase letter ⟨r⟩ with a letter ⟨l⟩.
Some languages that are described as having a lateral flap actually have a flap that is indeterminate with respect to centrality, and may surface as either central or lateral, either in free variation or allophonically depending on surrounding vowels and consonants.[1]
Features[edit]
Features of the alveolar lateral flap:
- Its manner of articulation is flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
Dental[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chaga[2] | [example needed] | Laminal dental.[2] | |||
Alveolar[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese[3] | 六/roku | [ɺo̞kɯ̟ᵝ] | 'six' | More commonly [ɾ]. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kasua[4] | hilila | [hiɺiɺɑ] | 'heavy' | Never used at the beginning nor the end of a word.[4] | |
| Pirahã | toogixi | [tòːɺ͡ɺ̼ìʔì] | 'hoe' | Only used in some types of speech | |
| Wayuu | püülükü | [pɯːɺɯkɯ] | 'pig' | Contrasts with /r/ | |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 243.
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 213.
- ^ Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
- ^ a b Logan, Tommy (July 2003). "Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). SIL International.
References[edit]
- Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1997), Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice, München: Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-095-6
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
