Open-mid front unrounded vowel

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Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
IPA number303
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɛ
Unicode (hex)U+025B
X-SAMPAE
KirshenbaumE
Braille⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)
Listen

The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.

Features[edit]

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back
Close
i
•
y
ɨ
•
ʉ
ɯ
•
u
Near-close
ɪ
•
ʏ
ɨ̞
•
ʉ̞
ɯ̞
•
ʊ
Close-mid
e
•
ø
ɘ
•
ɵ
ɤ
•
o
Mid
e̞
•
ø̞
ə
ɤ̞
•
o̞
Open-mid
ɛ
•
œ
ɜ
•
ɞ
ʌ
•
ɔ
Near-open
æ
•
ɐ
Open
a
•
ɶ
ä
•
ɒ̈
ɑ
•
ɒ

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

Occurrence[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian Eastern[2] էջ [ɛd͡ʒ] 'page'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[3] [example needed] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩.[3]
Bengali[4] এক [ɛk] 'one' See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian[5] пет [pɛt̪] 'five' See Bulgarian phonology
Burmese[6] [orthographic
form needed]		 [mɛ] 'mother'
Catalan[7] mel [mɛɫ] 'honey' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[8] 天 / tiān About this sound[tʰi̯ɛn˥] 'sky' Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech[9][10] led [lɛt] 'ice' In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front [ɛ], open-mid near-front [ɛ̠] and mid near-front [ɛ̝̈].[9] See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[11][12] frisk [ˈfʁɛsɡ̊] 'fresh' Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[13] bed About this sound[bɛt] (help·info) 'bed' See Dutch phonology
The Hague[14] jij About this sound[jɛ̞ː] (help·info) 'you' Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch.
English General American[15] bed About this sound[bɛd] (help·info) 'bed'
Northern England[16] May be somewhat lowered.[16]
Received Pronunciation[17][18] Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology
Scottish[19]
Cockney[20] fat [fɛt] 'fat'
Singaporean[21]
New Zealand[22] See New Zealand English phonology
Some Broad
South African speakers[23]		 Other speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See South African English phonology
Belfast[24] days [dɛːz] 'days' Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP.
Zulu[25] mate [mɛt] 'mate' Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger.
Faroese[26] frekt [fɹɛʰkt] 'greedy' See Faroese phonology
French[27][28] bête About this sound[bɛt̪] (help·info) 'beast' See French phonology
Georgian[29] გედი [ɡɛdi] 'swan'
German Standard[30][31] Bett About this sound[b̥ɛt] (help·info) 'bed' Also described as mid [ɛ̝].[32] See Standard German phonology
Franconian accent[33] oder [ˈoːdɛ] 'or' Used instead of [ɐ].[33] See Standard German phonology
Coastal Northern accents[33]
Swabian accent[34] fett [fɛt] 'fat' Contrasts with the close-mid [e].[34] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[35] See [z̥ɛː] 'lake' Close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the near-open [æː].[36] See Standard German phonology
Italian[37] bene About this sound[ˈbɛːne] (help·info) 'good' See Italian phonology
Kaingang[38] mbre [ˈᵐbɾɛ] 'with'
Limburgish[39][40][41] crème [kʀ̝ɛːm] 'cream' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian[42] serp [s̪ɛrp] 'sickle'
Luxembourgish[43] Stär [ʃtɛːɐ̯] 'star' Allophone of /eː/ before /ʀ/.[43] See Luxembourgish phonology
Norwegian Sognamål[44] pest [pʰɛst] 'plague See Norwegian phonology
Polish[45] ten About this sound[t̪ɛn̪] (help·info) 'this one' (nom. m.) See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most dialects[46][47] meleca [meˈl̪ɛ̞kə] 'goo' Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as [e̞ e ɪ i ɨ], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[48] tempo [ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu] 'time' Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[49] vede [ˈvɛɟe] '(he) sees' Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[50] это About this sound[ˈɛt̪ə] (help·info) 'this' See Russian phonology
Shiwiar[51] [example needed] Allophone of /a/.
Slovene met [mɛ́t] 'throw' (n.) See Slovene phonology
Spanish Eastern Andalusian[52] las madres [læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː] 'the mothers' Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian[52]
Swahili shule [ʃulɛ] 'school'
Swedish Central Standard[53] ät [ɛ̠ːt̪] 'eat' (imp.) Somewhat retracted.[53] See Swedish phonology
Turkish[54][55] ülke [y̠l̠ˈcɛ] 'country' Allophone of /e/ described variously as "word-final"[54] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[55] See Turkish phonology
Twi ɛyɛ 'it is good/fine' See Twi phonology
Ukrainian[56] день [dɛnʲ] 'day' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[42][57] čelo [ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ] 'calf' See Upper Sorbian phonology
West Frisian[58] beppe [ˈbɛpə] 'grandma' See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[59] ẹsẹ̀ [ɛ̄sɛ] 'leg'

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  3. ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. ^ Khan (2010), p. 222.
  5. ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  6. ^ Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
  7. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  8. ^ Lin (2007), p. 65.
  9. ^ a b Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  10. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  11. ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  12. ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  13. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  14. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  15. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
  16. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  17. ^ Schmitt (2007), pp. 322–323.
  18. ^ "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  19. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  20. ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
  21. ^ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
  22. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
  23. ^ Lanham (1967), p. 9.
  24. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  25. ^ "Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-17.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  26. ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  27. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  28. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  29. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  30. ^ Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
  31. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  32. ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  33. ^ a b c Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
  34. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  35. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  36. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  37. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  38. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  39. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  40. ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  41. ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  42. ^ a b Stone (2002), p. 600.
  43. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  44. ^ Haugen (2004), p. 30.
  45. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  46. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  47. ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
  49. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  50. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
  51. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  52. ^ a b Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
  53. ^ a b Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  54. ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  55. ^ a b Zimmer & Organ (1999), p. 155.
  56. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  57. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  58. ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  59. ^ Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.

References[edit]

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